Second part
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| Immunoglobulins | blind with specific antigen in the antigen-antibody response. they are secreted by plasma cells
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| plasma cell | are specialized white blood cells that produce antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens.
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| Lymphocytes lymph/o means lymph cytes/ means cell | white blood cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells
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| B Cells B lymphocytes | are effective against viruses and bacteria circulating in the blood /when a B cell is confronted with the antigen is transforms into a Plasma B cell
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| Dendritic Cells | white blood cell that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections, when such a cell is found the dendritic cells grab, swallow, and internally break apart that captured antigen
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| T cells T lymphocytes | contribute to the immune defense by coordinating immune defenses and by killing infected cells on contact /T cells produce interferon and lymphokines
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| interferon | family of proteins whose specialty is fighting viruses by blowing or stopping their multiplication.
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| Lymphokines | direct antigen-antibody response by signaling between the cells of the immune system / lymphokines attract macrophages ti the infected site and prepare them to attack
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| macrophage macro/ means large -phage / means a cell that eats | white blood cell that surround and kills invading cells. They also remove dead cells
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| phagocyte phag/ means eat; or swallow cyte / means cell | large white blood cells that can destroy substance such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis - to destroy, pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
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| Complement | group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form they them mark these foreigh invaders and attracts phagocytes to destroy the antigens
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| immunity | is the state of being resistant to a specific disease.
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| Natural immunity | passed from the mother to her fetus; last only a short time
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| passive immunity | is passed from the mother to her child through her breast milk.
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| acquired immunity also known as active immunity | is the production of antibodies against a specific antigen by th immune system either by contracting an infectious disease ; chickenpox, or by vaccination against a disease such as polio
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| Vaccination also known as immunization | is preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease causing organisms which have been killed or weakend
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| allergic reaction | occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader
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| allergy also known as hypersensitivity | is an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen
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| localized allergic response known as cellular response | includes redness, itching, burning where the skin has come into contact with the allergen
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| systemic reaction or anaphylaxis shock | is a severe response to an allergen; without medical care a patient could die
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| scratch test | is a diagnostic test to identify common allergens such as; tree pollen, ragweed; swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction
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| Antihistamines | are medications to relieve or prevent the symptoms of types of allergies; hay fever etc
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| histamine | is a substance produced by the body that causes itching sneezing, runny nose; allergic reaction
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| autoimmune disorder also known as autoimmune disease | large group of diseases in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues; appears to be genetically transmitted and predominantly occurs in women during the childbearing years
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| immunodeficiency disorder | happens when the immune system is compromised; weakened, reduced, absent, or not functioning properly
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| human immunodeficiency virus or HIV | is a blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the cells of the immune system; leaving the body at rish of developing many infections
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| opportunistic infections | is caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans; but when the host is debilitated many opportunistic infections can develop
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| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome also known as AIDS | is the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection
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| Kaposi's sarcoma | This cancer cause patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, lining of mouth,nose,throat and other organs is an example of an opportunistic
infection that is associated with HIV
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| Elisa | blood test to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies
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| Western Blot | blood test that produces more accurate results than the Elisa
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| Immunotherapy Immun/o/therapy | is a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response
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| Synthetic Immunoglobulins | is used a a postexposure preventive measure against certain viruses, example: rabies and some types of hepatitis / postexposure means the patient has been exposed to the virus.
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| Synthetic interferon | used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers
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| Monoclonal antibodies | are any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells.
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| Pathogen | is a microorganism that causes a disease in humans.
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| microorganism | is a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope
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| Pathogenic | means capable of producing disease
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| Bacteria | are one=celled microscopic organisms
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| Bacilli | are rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria; tetanus is caused by bacillus/ tetanus is known as lockjaw
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| rickettsia | is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas,ticks and mites; Rocky Mountain spotted fever rickettsia
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| spirochetes | are spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement; lyme disease
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| Staphylococci | are a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes; reside normally on the skin and mucous;
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| staphylococcus aureus | is a form of staphylococci that commonly infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or produces food poisoning / toxic shock can be fatal
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| streptococci | they form a chain; many species are harmless; they causes strep throat, meningitis,
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| septic shock | is a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body
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| antibiotic resistant bacteria | known as the supper bug; develop when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria it targets
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| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus | known as MRSA is resistant to most antibiotics
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| fungus | is a simple parasitic organism also known as athlete's foot
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| Yeast | is a type of Candidiasis is known as a yeast infection or thrush
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| parasite | is a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism; malaria contracted by a mosquitoes
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| toxoplasmosis | is most commonly transmitted from animals to humans by contact with contaminated feces.
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| Viruses | are very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells
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| Herpes zoster | also known as shingles
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| infectious mononucleosis | known as mono is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
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| measles | is an acute, highly contagious infection caused by the rubeola virus and transmitted by respiratory droplets
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| mumps | is an acute viral disease / swelling of the parotid glands (salivary glands)
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| rubella | known as German measles it is a viral infection
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| MMR | is a vaccination to prevent measles, mumps, rubella
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| rabies | is an acute viral infection that is commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal.
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| varicella | known as chickenpox is caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster and is highly contagious
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| West Nile virus | is spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito
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| cytomegalovirus cyt/o/megal/o/virus | is a member of the herpes virus family; found in body fluids; silent infection; transmitted to baby from mother
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| antibiotics anti/bio/tic | are medication that are capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms
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| bactericide bacteri / cide | substance that causes the death of bacteria;
antibiotics include penicillin's and cephalosporins
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| bacteriostatic bacteri/o/static | is an agent that slows or stops the growth of bacteria; tetracycline, sulfonamide and erythromycin
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| antifungal anti/fungal | is an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi
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| antiviral drug anti/viral | is used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity
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| Oncology onc/ology | is the study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer
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| tumor | also known as neoplasm; is a growth of tissue that forms an abnormal mass
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| benign tumor | is not life threatening; is a noncancerous growth;
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| myoma my/oma | is a benign tumor made up of muscles tissue
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| malignant tumor | is harmful capable of spreading to distant body sites
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| myocarcoma my/o/carc/oma | is a malignant tumor derived form muscle tissue
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| angiogenesis angi/o/genesis | this tumor supports its own blood supply
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| antiangiogenesis anti/angi/o/genesis | is a form of treatment that disrupts this blood supply to the tumor
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| Cancer | is a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissue
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| metastasize | spreads from one place to another; moves form primary site and spreads to a secondary site
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| metastasis meta/stasis | is a new cancer site that results from the spreading process
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| carcinoma carcin/oma | is a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
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| carcinoma in situ | describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.
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| adenocarcinoma aden/o/carcin/oma | is any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue.
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| sarcoma sarc/oma | is a malignancy tumor that arises form connective tissues, including hard tissues, soft tissues, liquid tissues
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| hard tissue sarcomas | arise from bone or cartilage; bone, pelvis,knee example: osteoscarcoma is a malignant tumor of the bone
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| soft tissue sarcomas | 2.arises from tissues from muscle, connective tissues; tendons,blood,lymphatic vessels, nerves and fat; synovial sarcoma is a malignant tumor of the tissue surrounding the synovial joint
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| liquid tissue sarcomas | arise from blood and lymph; example is leukemia
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| staging | is the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed
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| lymphoma lymph/oma | is a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues
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| professional palpation of the breast | is performed to feel the texture, size, and consitency of the breast
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| mammography mamm/o/graphy | radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors cells
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| surgical biopsy bi/opsy | is the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis
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| needle breast biopsy | is a technique in which an x-ray guided needle is use to remove small samples of tissue from the breast
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| sentinel-node biopsy | sentinel node is the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells
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| lymph mode dissection | is a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph noes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer
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| lumpectomy | is the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue and a surrounding margin of normal tissue
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| mastectomy mast/ectomy | is the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple
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| modified radical mastectomy | is the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes
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| radical mastectomy | is the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues
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| chemotherapy | is the use of chemical agents and drugs in combination's selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues
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| chemoprevention | is the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the risk of recurring cancer
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| antineopalstic anti/ne/o/plast/ic | is medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
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| cyotoxic drugs | are used for immumosuppression and chemotherapy
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| radiation therapy | is used in the treatment of some cancers, goal is to destroy the cancer while sparing healthy tissues
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| teletherapy tele/therapy | is radiation administered at a distance from the body
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