H&P chest and lungs
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| what does the diaphragm do in respiration | moves down and increases thoracic space in inspiration
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| what do the internal intercostals do in respiration | decrease transverse chest diameter in expiration
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| what do the external intercostals do in respiration | increase anteroposterior chest diameter in inspiration
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| what are the inspiratory muscles | diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes, and SCM
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| what are the expiratory muscles | internal intercostals, rectus abdominus
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| the right lung | has 3 lobes and is higher than the left (b/c of the liver)
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| the left lung | has 2 lobes and a lingula
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| at what level is the apex of each lung located | above the 1st rib
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| how long is the trachea | 10 cm
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| the right main bronchus is | wider, shorter, and more vertical (and branches into 3 segments)
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| what divides the respiratory tract into upper and lower | trachea
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| vessels, nerves, and the bronchi enter the lung through the | hilum
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| ventilation | exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli
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| diffusion | exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveolar air and blood in capillaries
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| circulation | transport of O2 and CO2 through pulmonary and systemic circulation
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| what symptoms would prompt a thorough exam of the chest and lungs | cough, SOB/difficulty breathing, chest pain
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| what is orthopnea | difficulty breathing when supine
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| WOB | work of breathing
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| what do you look for in the initial survey of chest and lungs | respiratory rate, WOB, retractions, using accessory muscles, cyanosis (lips, nails), and stridor or wheezing
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| stridor is | an upper airway sound (narrowing)high pitchedusually inspiratory
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| wheezing is | a lower airway soundhigh pitchedusually expiratory
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| decreased fremitus could indicate | emphysema, pulmonary edema
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| increased fremitus could indicate | consolidation, solid mass
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| crepitus is caused by | air in the subcutaneous tissue
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| friction rub is | palpable, grating vibration
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| expected finding for percussion on the posterior chest | resonance- loud intensity with low pitch
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| how many areas of auscultation and percussion on posterior chest | 14 areas (7 on each side), do symmetrically
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| 3 adventitious or extra breath sounds | crackles (rales), rhonchii, wheezes
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| crackles | discontinuous, inspiration, not cleared by coughing
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| rhonchii | continuous, fog horn or snoring sound, clear with coughing
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| wheezes | continuous, high pitched (tea kettle), heard bilaterally in asthma and unilaterally in aspiration of a foreign body
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| egophony | E heard as A
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| bronchophony | 99 sounds loud and clear
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| pectoriloquy | whipered sounds are clear
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| how many locations of percussion and auscultation on anterior chest | 12 (6 on each side)
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| "normal" diaphragmatic excursion is | 3-5 cm
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