Some hallmarks of conditions
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| Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation | Guillain-Barre (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count)
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| Antiplatelet Antibodies | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
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| Arachnodactyly | Marfan’s
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| Aschoff Bodies | Rheumatic fever
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| Auer Rods | Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML type M3)
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| Autosplenectomy | Sickle cell anemia: switch a glu val in chain; Low O2 sickling; Aplastic crisis w/ B19 (Parvovirus ssDNA) infection; Salmonella osteomyelitis; Vaso-occlusive painful crisises; Hydroxyurea as Txt ( HbF) & Bone marrow transplant
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| Babinski | UMN lesion
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| Basophilic Stippling of RBCs | Lead poisoning
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| Bence Jones Protein | Multiple myeloma free light chains (either kappa or lambda); Waldenstrom’s macroglobinemia
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| Birbeck Granules | Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
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| Blue Bloater | Chronic Bronchitis (at least 3 months for at least 2 years of ecessive mucus secretion & chronic recurrent productive cough)
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| Boot-Shaped Heart | Tetralogy of Fallot
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| Bouchard’s Nodes | Osteoarthritis (proximal IP joint of the fingers)
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| Boutonniere’s Deformity | Rheumatoid arthritis flex proximal & extend distal IP joints
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| Brown Tumor | Hyperparathyroidism
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| Brushfield Spots | Down’s
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| Call-Exner Bodies | Granulosa cell tumor: associated w/ endometrial hyperplasia & carcinoma ; Granuloma-Theca cell tumor
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| Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy | Chagas’ Disease
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| Chancre | 1* Syphilis
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| Chancroid | Haemophilus ducreyi
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| Charcot Triad | Multiple sclerosis = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech
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| Charcot-Leyden Crystals | Bronchial asthma
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| Cheyne-Stokes Breathing | Cerebral lesion
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| Chocolate Cysts | Endometriosis
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| Chvostek’s Sign | Hypocalcemia facial spasm in tetany
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| Clue Cells | Gardnerella vaginitis
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| Codman’s Triangle | Osteosarcoma
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| Cold Agglutinins | Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Infectious mononucleosis
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| Condyloma Lata | 2* Syphilis; New coffee flavor at Bagel & Bagel
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| Cotton Wool Spots | HTN; Aka, cytoid bodies seen w/ SLE (yellowish cotton wool fundal lesions)
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| Councilman Bodies | Dying hepatocytes – HepB
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| Crescents In Bowman’s Capsule | Rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis)
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| Currant-Jelly Sputum | Klebsiella
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| Curschmann’s Spirals | Bronchial asthma
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| Depigmentation Of Substantia Nigra | Parkinson’s
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| Donovan Bodies | Granuloma inguinale (STD)
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| Eburnation | Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)
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| Ectopia Lentis | Marfan’s
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| Erythema Chronicum Migrans | Lyme Disease
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| Fatty Liver | Alcoholism
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| Ferruginous Bodies | Asbestosis - & Iron laden
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| Ghon Focus / Complex | Tuberculosis (1* & 2*, respectively)
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| Glitter Cells | Acute Pyelonephritis
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| Gower’s Maneuver | Duchenne’s MD use of arms to stand
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| Heberden’s Nodes | Osteoarthritis (distal IP joint of the fingers)
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| Heinz Bodies | G6PDH Deficiency
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| Heterophil Antibodies | Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
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| Hirano Bodies | Alzheimer’s
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| Hypersegmented PMNs | Megaloblastic anemia
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| Hypochromic Microcytic RBCs | Iron-deficiency anemia or Thalassemia
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| Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction | Syphilis over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms 2 to rapid lysis
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| Joint Mice | Osteoarthritis (fractured osteophytes)
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| Kaussmaul Breathing | Acidosis / Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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| Keratin Pearls | Squamous Cell CA of skin (Actinic Keratosis is a precursor)
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| Keyser-Fleischer Ring | Wilson’s
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| Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules | Diabetic nephropathy: Nodular Glomerulosclerosis nodules of mesangial matrix
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| Koilocytes | HPV 6 & 11 (condyloma acuminatum - benign) and HPV 16 & 18 (malignant association)
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| Koplik Spots | Measles
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| Lewy Bodies | Parkinson’s (eosinophilic inclusions in damaged substantia nigra cells)
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| Lines of Zahn | Arterial thrombus
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| Lisch Nodules | Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinhausen’s disease) = pigmented iris hamartomas
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| Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli | Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis – prototype of nephritic syndrome
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| Mallory Bodies | Alcoholic hepatitis
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| McBurney’s Sign | Appendicitis (McBurney’s Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine)
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| Michealis-Gutmann Bodies | Malakoplakia - lesion on bladder due to macros & calcospherites (M-G Bodies): usually due to E. Coli
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| Monoclonal Antibody Spike | Multiple myeloma this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA); MGUS
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| Myxedema | Hypothyroidism
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| Negri Bodies | Rabies
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| Neuritic Plaques | Alzheimer’s
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| Neurofibrillary Tangles | Alzheimer’s
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| Non-pitting Edema | Myxedema; Anthrax Toxin
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| Notching of Ribs | Coarctation of Aorta
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| Nutmeg Liver | CHF = causing congested liver
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| Owls Eye Cells | CMV ; Reed Sternburg Cells (Hodkins Lymphoma); Aschoff cells seen w/ Rheumatic Fever
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| Painless Jaundice | Pancreatic CA (head)
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| Pannus | Rheumatoid arthritis, also see morning stiffnes that w/ joint use, HLA-DR4
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| Pautrier’s Microabscesses | Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), Sezary
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| Philadelphia Chromosome | CML
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| Pick Bodies | Pick’s Disease
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| 2 types of COPD | Pink Puffer – Type A: Emphysema; Blue Bloater – Type B: Bronchitis; Emphysema Centroacinar – smoking Panacinar - 1-antitrypsin deficiency
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| Podagra | Gout (MP joint of hallux)
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| Port-Wine Stain | Hemangioma
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| Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign | Tearing of the ACL
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| Psammoma Bodies | Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid; Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary; Meningioma; Mesothelioma
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| Pseudohypertrophy | Seen w/ Duchenne muscular dystrophy @ the claf muscles, due to fat
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| Punched-Out Bone Lesions | Multiple myeloma
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| Rash on Palms & Soles | 2 Syphilis; RMSF; Coxsackie virus infection: Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
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| Red Morning Urine | Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. You would use Ham’s test to confirm.
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| Reed-Sternberg Cells | Hodgkin’s Disease
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| Reid Index Increased | Chronic bronchitis = d ratio of bronchial gland to bronchial wall thickness
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| Reinke Crystals | Leydig cell tumor
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| Rouleaux Formation | Multiple myeloma RBC’s stacked as poker chips
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| S3 Heart Sound | LR Shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD); Mitral Regurg; LV Failure
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| S4 Heart Sound | Pulmonary Stenosis; Pulmonary HTN
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| Schwartzman Reaction | Neisseria meningitidis (impressive rash with bugs)
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| Smith Antigen | SLE (also anti-dsDNA) ; Malar Rash, Wire loop kidney lesions, Joint pain, False (+) syphilis test (VDRL) ; 90% 14-45 yo females; Also seen w/ use of INH; Procainamide; Hydralazine = SLE-like syndrome
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| Soap Bubble on X-Ray | Giant cell tumor of bone
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| Spike & Dome Glomeruli | Membranous glomerulonephritis = Nephrotic syndrome
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| Spike = basement membrane material & Dome = immune complex deposits (IgG orC3) |
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| String Sign on X-ray | Crohn’s - bowel wall thickening
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| Target Cells | Thalassemia in Thalassemia w/ no gene: Hydrops Fetalis & Intrauterine death associations = HbBarts
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| Tendinous Xanthomas | Familial Hypercholesterolemia
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| Thyroidization of Kidney | Chronic pyelonephritis
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| Tophi | Gout
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| Tram-Track Glomeruli | Membranoproliferative GN: Nephritic syndrome – basement membrane is duplicated into 2 layers
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| Trousseau’s Sign | Visceral ca, classically pancreatic (migratory thrombophlebitis); Hypocalcemia (carpal spasm); These are two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same name.
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| Virchow’s Node | Supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach
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| Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells | Measles
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| WBC Casts | Pyelonephritis
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| Whipple’s Triad | CNS disfunction – Hypoglycemic episodes – glu injection reverses CNS Sympt’s
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| Wire Loop Glomeruli | Lupus nephropathy, type IV (diffuse proliferative form)
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| High AFP in amniotic fluid or mother’s serum | 0NTD (Spina Bifida); multiple gestation; fetal demise; Anencephaly
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| High Uric Acid | Gout; Lesch Nyhan; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides)
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| “Ground Glass” on chest x-ray (Hyaline) | Due to Pneumocystis carinii; Seen w/ Atelectasia
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| Honey Combing of the lung | Seen w/ Asbestosis (a restrictive lung disease)
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| Crescents | Goodpastures syndrome (pneumonia w/ hemoptysis & rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis)
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| Linear Ig Deposits | Goodpastures syndrome
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| 45 Degree Branch Points | Aspergillosis
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| PAS(+) Dutcher Bodies | Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia = IgM = Hyperviscosity
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| “Ground Glass” in Abdomen(Hyaline) | Seen in the hepatocytes of healthy carriers of HBsAg in liver biopsies
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| “Signet Ring” Cells | Cells that replace the ovaries, due to Krukenberg’s tumor that has metastasized from the stomach
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| Ground Glass Appearance (Hyaline) | Seen w/ Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy oligodendrocytes; Nuclei seen in Papillary CA of the thyroid (malignant)
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| Congo Red | Shows amyloid deposition in plaques & vascular walls
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| Meningiomas & Progesterone | Some meningiomas have Progesterone receptors = rapid growth in pregnancy can occur
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| Tuberous Sclerosis Triad | Seizures; Mental retardation; Leukoderma (congenital facial white spots or macules): angiofibromas
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| Cowdry A Inclusions | Seen w/ Herpes Simplex Encephalitis – in oligodendroglia
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| Devic’s Syndrome | “Neuromyelitis Optica”; A variant of multiple sclerosis: rapid demyelination of the optic nerve & spinal cord w/ paraplegia
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| c-erb B2 | Breast Cancer association
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| Foster-Kennedy Syndrome | A tumor causing blindness & loss of smell w/ papilloedema
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| Hoffman’s Sign | Flicking of the middle finger’s nail
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| Red Nucleus Destruction | Intention tremors of the arm
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| Ventral Spinocerebellar tr. | Unconscious proprioception of lower extremities
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| Dorsal Spinocerebellar tr. | Unconscious prorpioception & fine motor movements
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| Cuneocerebellar tr. | Unconscious proprioception & fine motor movements of upper extremities
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| Dorsal Column | Conscious proprioception of the body
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| Lateral Spinothalamic tr. | Pain & Temperature sensation
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| Ventral Spinothalamic tr. | Light touch perception
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| SVA | Taste & Smell
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| GSE | Muscles of the eye & of the tongue
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| SSA | Vision; Hearing; Equilibrium
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| GVA | Sensation of tongue; soft palate. Carotid Body & Sinus innervation
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| GVE | Edinger Westphal = parasympathetic eye innervation; Gland innervation = secretions; Viscera
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| GSA | Pain & temperature of face; Sensation of external ear
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| SVE | Innervation of muscles of masticaiton, facial expressions, larynx & pharynx
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| LMN Lesion | Werndig Hoffman (progressive infantile muscular atrophy); Poliomyelitis
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| Sensory Pathway Lesion | Subacute Combined Degeneration = Friedrich’s Ataxia = B12 deficiency; Tabes Dorsalis (Neurosyphilis)
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| Both UMN & LMN Lesion | ALS = Lou Gherig’s Disease
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| Both Sensory & Motor Lesion | Brown Sequard; Anterior Spinal artery Occlusion
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| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | Controls circadian rhythm
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| Ventromedial Nucleus | Satiety center. Savage behavior & obesity when lesioned
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| Lateral Nucleus | Induces eating. Starvation when lesioned
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| Arcuate Nucleus | Releases PIF (dopa-ergic neurons)
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| Mamillary Body | Can have hemorrhages as seen in Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
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| Acanthocytes | RBSc w/ spiny projections. Seen in Abetalipoproteinemia.
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