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Hallmarks
Some hallmarks of conditions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Albumino-Cytologic Dissociation | Guillain-Barre (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest increase in cell count) |
| Antiplatelet Antibodies | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| Arachnodactyly | Marfan’s |
| Aschoff Bodies | Rheumatic fever |
| Auer Rods | Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML type M3) |
| Autosplenectomy | Sickle cell anemia: switch a glu val in chain; Low O2 sickling; Aplastic crisis w/ B19 (Parvovirus ssDNA) infection; Salmonella osteomyelitis; Vaso-occlusive painful crisises; Hydroxyurea as Txt ( HbF) & Bone marrow transplant |
| Babinski | UMN lesion |
| Basophilic Stippling of RBCs | Lead poisoning |
| Bence Jones Protein | Multiple myeloma free light chains (either kappa or lambda); Waldenstrom’s macroglobinemia |
| Birbeck Granules | Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) |
| Blue Bloater | Chronic Bronchitis (at least 3 months for at least 2 years of ecessive mucus secretion & chronic recurrent productive cough) |
| Boot-Shaped Heart | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| Bouchard’s Nodes | Osteoarthritis (proximal IP joint of the fingers) |
| Boutonniere’s Deformity | Rheumatoid arthritis flex proximal & extend distal IP joints |
| Brown Tumor | Hyperparathyroidism |
| Brushfield Spots | Down’s |
| Call-Exner Bodies | Granulosa cell tumor: associated w/ endometrial hyperplasia & carcinoma ; Granuloma-Theca cell tumor |
| Cardiomegaly with Apical Atrophy | Chagas’ Disease |
| Chancre | 1* Syphilis |
| Chancroid | Haemophilus ducreyi |
| Charcot Triad | Multiple sclerosis = nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech |
| Charcot-Leyden Crystals | Bronchial asthma |
| Cheyne-Stokes Breathing | Cerebral lesion |
| Chocolate Cysts | Endometriosis |
| Chvostek’s Sign | Hypocalcemia facial spasm in tetany |
| Clue Cells | Gardnerella vaginitis |
| Codman’s Triangle | Osteosarcoma |
| Cold Agglutinins | Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Infectious mononucleosis |
| Condyloma Lata | 2* Syphilis; New coffee flavor at Bagel & Bagel |
| Cotton Wool Spots | HTN; Aka, cytoid bodies seen w/ SLE (yellowish cotton wool fundal lesions) |
| Councilman Bodies | Dying hepatocytes – HepB |
| Crescents In Bowman’s Capsule | Rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis) |
| Currant-Jelly Sputum | Klebsiella |
| Curschmann’s Spirals | Bronchial asthma |
| Depigmentation Of Substantia Nigra | Parkinson’s |
| Donovan Bodies | Granuloma inguinale (STD) |
| Eburnation | Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone) |
| Ectopia Lentis | Marfan’s |
| Erythema Chronicum Migrans | Lyme Disease |
| Fatty Liver | Alcoholism |
| Ferruginous Bodies | Asbestosis - & Iron laden |
| Ghon Focus / Complex | Tuberculosis (1* & 2*, respectively) |
| Glitter Cells | Acute Pyelonephritis |
| Gower’s Maneuver | Duchenne’s MD use of arms to stand |
| Heberden’s Nodes | Osteoarthritis (distal IP joint of the fingers) |
| Heinz Bodies | G6PDH Deficiency |
| Heterophil Antibodies | Infectious mononucleosis (EBV) |
| Hirano Bodies | Alzheimer’s |
| Hypersegmented PMNs | Megaloblastic anemia |
| Hypochromic Microcytic RBCs | Iron-deficiency anemia or Thalassemia |
| Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction | Syphilis over-aggressive treatment of an asymptomatic pt. that causes symptoms 2 to rapid lysis |
| Joint Mice | Osteoarthritis (fractured osteophytes) |
| Kaussmaul Breathing | Acidosis / Diabetic Ketoacidosis |
| Keratin Pearls | Squamous Cell CA of skin (Actinic Keratosis is a precursor) |
| Keyser-Fleischer Ring | Wilson’s |
| Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules | Diabetic nephropathy: Nodular Glomerulosclerosis nodules of mesangial matrix |
| Koilocytes | HPV 6 & 11 (condyloma acuminatum - benign) and HPV 16 & 18 (malignant association) |
| Koplik Spots | Measles |
| Lewy Bodies | Parkinson’s (eosinophilic inclusions in damaged substantia nigra cells) |
| Lines of Zahn | Arterial thrombus |
| Lisch Nodules | Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinhausen’s disease) = pigmented iris hamartomas |
| Lumpy-Bumpy IF Glomeruli | Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis – prototype of nephritic syndrome |
| Mallory Bodies | Alcoholic hepatitis |
| McBurney’s Sign | Appendicitis (McBurney’s Point is 2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine) |
| Michealis-Gutmann Bodies | Malakoplakia - lesion on bladder due to macros & calcospherites (M-G Bodies): usually due to E. Coli |
| Monoclonal Antibody Spike | Multiple myeloma this is called the M protein (usually IgG or IgA); MGUS |
| Myxedema | Hypothyroidism |
| Negri Bodies | Rabies |
| Neuritic Plaques | Alzheimer’s |
| Neurofibrillary Tangles | Alzheimer’s |
| Non-pitting Edema | Myxedema; Anthrax Toxin |
| Notching of Ribs | Coarctation of Aorta |
| Nutmeg Liver | CHF = causing congested liver |
| Owls Eye Cells | CMV ; Reed Sternburg Cells (Hodkins Lymphoma); Aschoff cells seen w/ Rheumatic Fever |
| Painless Jaundice | Pancreatic CA (head) |
| Pannus | Rheumatoid arthritis, also see morning stiffnes that w/ joint use, HLA-DR4 |
| Pautrier’s Microabscesses | Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), Sezary |
| Philadelphia Chromosome | CML |
| Pick Bodies | Pick’s Disease |
| 2 types of COPD | Pink Puffer – Type A: Emphysema; Blue Bloater – Type B: Bronchitis; Emphysema Centroacinar – smoking Panacinar - 1-antitrypsin deficiency |
| Podagra | Gout (MP joint of hallux) |
| Port-Wine Stain | Hemangioma |
| Posterior Anterior Drawer Sign | Tearing of the ACL |
| Psammoma Bodies | Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid; Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary; Meningioma; Mesothelioma |
| Pseudohypertrophy | Seen w/ Duchenne muscular dystrophy @ the claf muscles, due to fat |
| Punched-Out Bone Lesions | Multiple myeloma |
| Rash on Palms & Soles | 2 Syphilis; RMSF; Coxsackie virus infection: Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease |
| Red Morning Urine | Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. You would use Ham’s test to confirm. |
| Reed-Sternberg Cells | Hodgkin’s Disease |
| Reid Index Increased | Chronic bronchitis = d ratio of bronchial gland to bronchial wall thickness |
| Reinke Crystals | Leydig cell tumor |
| Rouleaux Formation | Multiple myeloma RBC’s stacked as poker chips |
| S3 Heart Sound | LR Shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD); Mitral Regurg; LV Failure |
| S4 Heart Sound | Pulmonary Stenosis; Pulmonary HTN |
| Schwartzman Reaction | Neisseria meningitidis (impressive rash with bugs) |
| Smith Antigen | SLE (also anti-dsDNA) ; Malar Rash, Wire loop kidney lesions, Joint pain, False (+) syphilis test (VDRL) ; 90% 14-45 yo females; Also seen w/ use of INH; Procainamide; Hydralazine = SLE-like syndrome |
| Soap Bubble on X-Ray | Giant cell tumor of bone |
| Spike & Dome Glomeruli | Membranous glomerulonephritis = Nephrotic syndrome |
| Spike = basement membrane material & Dome = immune complex deposits (IgG orC3) | |
| String Sign on X-ray | Crohn’s - bowel wall thickening |
| Target Cells | Thalassemia in Thalassemia w/ no gene: Hydrops Fetalis & Intrauterine death associations = HbBarts |
| Tendinous Xanthomas | Familial Hypercholesterolemia |
| Thyroidization of Kidney | Chronic pyelonephritis |
| Tophi | Gout |
| Tram-Track Glomeruli | Membranoproliferative GN: Nephritic syndrome – basement membrane is duplicated into 2 layers |
| Trousseau’s Sign | Visceral ca, classically pancreatic (migratory thrombophlebitis); Hypocalcemia (carpal spasm); These are two entirely different disease processes and different signs, but they unfortunately have the same name. |
| Virchow’s Node | Supraclavicular node enlargement by metastatic carcinoma of the stomach |
| Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells | Measles |
| WBC Casts | Pyelonephritis |
| Whipple’s Triad | CNS disfunction – Hypoglycemic episodes – glu injection reverses CNS Sympt’s |
| Wire Loop Glomeruli | Lupus nephropathy, type IV (diffuse proliferative form) |
| High AFP in amniotic fluid or mother’s serum | 0NTD (Spina Bifida); multiple gestation; fetal demise; Anencephaly |
| High Uric Acid | Gout; Lesch Nyhan; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Diuretics (Loop & Thiazides) |
| “Ground Glass” on chest x-ray (Hyaline) | Due to Pneumocystis carinii; Seen w/ Atelectasia |
| Honey Combing of the lung | Seen w/ Asbestosis (a restrictive lung disease) |
| Crescents | Goodpastures syndrome (pneumonia w/ hemoptysis & rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis) |
| Linear Ig Deposits | Goodpastures syndrome |
| 45 Degree Branch Points | Aspergillosis |
| PAS(+) Dutcher Bodies | Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia = IgM = Hyperviscosity |
| “Ground Glass” in Abdomen(Hyaline) | Seen in the hepatocytes of healthy carriers of HBsAg in liver biopsies |
| “Signet Ring” Cells | Cells that replace the ovaries, due to Krukenberg’s tumor that has metastasized from the stomach |
| Ground Glass Appearance (Hyaline) | Seen w/ Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy oligodendrocytes; Nuclei seen in Papillary CA of the thyroid (malignant) |
| Congo Red | Shows amyloid deposition in plaques & vascular walls |
| Meningiomas & Progesterone | Some meningiomas have Progesterone receptors = rapid growth in pregnancy can occur |
| Tuberous Sclerosis Triad | Seizures; Mental retardation; Leukoderma (congenital facial white spots or macules): angiofibromas |
| Cowdry A Inclusions | Seen w/ Herpes Simplex Encephalitis – in oligodendroglia |
| Devic’s Syndrome | “Neuromyelitis Optica”; A variant of multiple sclerosis: rapid demyelination of the optic nerve & spinal cord w/ paraplegia |
| c-erb B2 | Breast Cancer association |
| Foster-Kennedy Syndrome | A tumor causing blindness & loss of smell w/ papilloedema |
| Hoffman’s Sign | Flicking of the middle finger’s nail |
| Red Nucleus Destruction | Intention tremors of the arm |
| Ventral Spinocerebellar tr. | Unconscious proprioception of lower extremities |
| Dorsal Spinocerebellar tr. | Unconscious prorpioception & fine motor movements |
| Cuneocerebellar tr. | Unconscious proprioception & fine motor movements of upper extremities |
| Dorsal Column | Conscious proprioception of the body |
| Lateral Spinothalamic tr. | Pain & Temperature sensation |
| Ventral Spinothalamic tr. | Light touch perception |
| SVA | Taste & Smell |
| GSE | Muscles of the eye & of the tongue |
| SSA | Vision; Hearing; Equilibrium |
| GVA | Sensation of tongue; soft palate. Carotid Body & Sinus innervation |
| GVE | Edinger Westphal = parasympathetic eye innervation; Gland innervation = secretions; Viscera |
| GSA | Pain & temperature of face; Sensation of external ear |
| SVE | Innervation of muscles of masticaiton, facial expressions, larynx & pharynx |
| LMN Lesion | Werndig Hoffman (progressive infantile muscular atrophy); Poliomyelitis |
| Sensory Pathway Lesion | Subacute Combined Degeneration = Friedrich’s Ataxia = B12 deficiency; Tabes Dorsalis (Neurosyphilis) |
| Both UMN & LMN Lesion | ALS = Lou Gherig’s Disease |
| Both Sensory & Motor Lesion | Brown Sequard; Anterior Spinal artery Occlusion |
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | Controls circadian rhythm |
| Ventromedial Nucleus | Satiety center. Savage behavior & obesity when lesioned |
| Lateral Nucleus | Induces eating. Starvation when lesioned |
| Arcuate Nucleus | Releases PIF (dopa-ergic neurons) |
| Mamillary Body | Can have hemorrhages as seen in Wernicke’s Encephalopathy |
| Acanthocytes | RBSc w/ spiny projections. Seen in Abetalipoproteinemia. |
Created by:
Bijan39
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