Nervous System: Pronunciation of Terms
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| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
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| Afferent Nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)
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| Akinetic | Pt. to the absence of voluntary movement
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| Analgesia | absence of sensitivity to pain
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| Anencephaly | partial or complete absence of brain matter; congenital brain malformation
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| Anethesia | lack of feeling or sensation
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| Aphasia | loss of ability to speak or express oneself with language
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| Apraxia | inability to carry out fmilair actions with accuracy
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| Arachnoid Membrane | Middle layer of 3 membranes that surround brain and spinal cord
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| Astrocyte | Star shaped neuroglial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
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| Ataxia | condition of decreased coordination
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| Autonomic Nervous System | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
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| Axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
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| Blood-brain barrier | Protective separation b/w the blood and brain cells. Make it difficult for substances (like anticancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter brain.
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| Bradykinesia | slow movement
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| Brainstem | Posterior protion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
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| Cauda Equina | collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
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| Causalgia | intense burning pain following injury to a sensory nerve
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| Cell Body | part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord
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| Cephalgia | headaches may result from vasodilation of blood vessels in tissues surrounding brain or from tension in neck and scalp muscles
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| Cerebellar | Pt. to cerebellum
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| Cerebellopontine | Pt. to cerebellum and pons
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| Cerebellum | posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
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| Cerebral Cortex | Outer region of cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of brain
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
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| Cerebrum | largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory
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| Coma | state of unconsciousness from which patient cannot be aroused
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| Comatose | pt. coma state
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| Cranial Nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)
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| Dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
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| Dura Mater | thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
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| Dyslexia | developmental reading disorder occurring when the brain does not properly recognize, process, and interpret language
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| Dyskinesia | condition marked by involuntary, spasmodic movements
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| Efferent Nerve (ef-away from) (-ferent-to carry) | Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve
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| Encephalitis | inflammation of brain
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| Encephalopathy | Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease associated with repetitive brain trauma
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| Ependymal Cell | Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid
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| Epidural Hematoma | occurs b/w the skull and the dura as a result of a ruptured meningeal artery, usually after a fracture of the skull
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| Ganglion (plural: ganglia) | collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (outside brain and spinal cord)
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| Glial Cell (neuroglial cell) | supports and connects the cells of the nervous system. Glial cells can reproduce themselves as opposed to neuroons
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| Glioblastoma (-blast= immature) | highly malignant tumor. Gliomas are tumors of glial (neuroglial) cells
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| Gyrus (plural: gyri) | sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution
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| Hemiparesis | affects either right or left side of body
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| Hemiplegia | affects right or left half of body and results from a stroke or other brain injury. Contralateral to the brain lesion because motor nerve fibers from the right half of the brain cross to the left side of the body
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| Hypalgesia | diminished sensation to pain
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| Hyperesthesia | excessive sensitivity to touch or pain
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| Hyperkinesis | excessive movement
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| Hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland
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| Intrathecal Injection | chemical can be delivered into subarachnoid space
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| Leptomeningeal | the pia and arachnoid membranes are known as the leptomeninges because of their thin, delicate structure
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| Medulla oblongata | part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, size of blood of vessels; nerve fibers cross over here
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| Meningeal | pt to membranes, meninges
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| Meninges | 3 productive membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
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| Meningioma | slowly growing, benign tumor in meninges
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| Microglial Cell | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system
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| Midbrain | uppermost portion of the brainstem
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| Motor Nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve
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| Myelin Sheath | covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons
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| Myelomeningocele | neural tube defect caused by failure of neural tube to close during embryonic development. Abnormality occurs in infants born with spina bifida.
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| Myelopathy | disease of spinal cord
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| Myoneural | pt to muscle and nerves
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| Narcolepsy | sudden, uncontrollable compulsion to sleep
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| Nerve | macroscopic cord-like collection of fiber (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses
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| Neuralgia | nerve pain. Involves flashes of pain radiating along the course of the trigeminal nerve, 5th cranial nerve.
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| Neurasthenia | nervous exhaustion and fatigue, often following depression
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| Neuroglial Cells | stromal tissue of central nervous system, which makes up its supportive framework and help it ward off infection
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| Neuron | nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system
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| Neuropathy | disease of peripheral nerve
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| Neurotransmitter | chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. Stimulates or inhibits another cell EX: nerve, muscle, gland cell.
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| Oligodendroglial Cell | Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. AKA oligodendrocyte
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| Paraplegia | paralysis of both legs and lower part of body caused by injury or disease of spinal cord or cauda equina
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| Parasympathetic Nerves | involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of gastrointestinal tract
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| Parenchyma | essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. Parenchyma of nervous system: neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses.
Parenchyma of liver: hepatocytes
Parenchyma of kidney: nephrons
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| Paresis | partial paralysis
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| Paresthesia | tingling, burning, pins and needles sensations
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| Peripheral Nervous System | nerves outside brain and spinal cord: cranial. spinal, autonomic nerves
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| Pia Mater | thin, delicate inner membrane of meninges
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| Plexus (plural: plexuses) | large, interlacing network of nerves. EX: lumbosacral, cervical, brachial plexuses (brachi/o= arm)
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| Poliomyelitis | viral disease affects gray matter of spinal cord, leading to paralysis of muscles that rely on damaged neurons
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| Polyneuritis | inflammation of many nerve cells
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| Pons | part of brain anterior to cerebellum and b/w medulla and rest of midbrain. Bridge connecting various parts of the brain
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| Quadriplegia | all four extremities are affected. Injury is at cervical level of spinal cord
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| Radiculitis | inflammation of nerve root. results in pain and loss of function
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| Radiculopathy | disease of nerve root of spinal nerves
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| Receptor | organ that receives nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. EX: skin, ears, eyes, taste buds
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| Sciatic Nerve | nerve extenidng from base of spine down to thigh, lower leg, foot
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| Sciatica | pain/inflammation along course of nerve
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| Sensory Nerve | carries messages toward brain and spinal cord from receptor; afferent nerve
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| Spinal Nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from spinal cord
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| Stimulus (plural: stimuli) | agent of change in internal/external environment that evokes a response EX: light, sound, touch, pressure, pain
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| Stroma | connective, supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells make up stromal tissue of brain
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| Subdural Hematoma | collection of blood under dura mater
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| Sulcus (plural: sulci) | depression or groove in surface of cerebral cortex; fissure
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| Sympathetic Nerves | autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
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| Synapse | space through which nervous impulse travels b/w nerve cells or b/w nerve and muscle or glandular cells
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| Syncopal | pt. to fainting
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| Syncope | fainting; sudden and temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate flow of blood to brain
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| Thalamic | pt. to thalamus
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| Thalamus | main relay center of brain. Conducts impulses b/w spinal cord and cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through thalamus to appropriate centers in cerebrum
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| Trigeminal Neuralgia | flashes of pain radiating along course of trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve)
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| Vagal | cranial nerve has branches to head, neck, and chest
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| Vagus Nerve | 10th cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); branches reach to larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Vagus leaves head and "wanders" into abdominal and thoracic cavities
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| Ventricles of the Brain | canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Also found in the heart- 2 lower chambers of the heart
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