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Chabner Ch.10- Terms
Nervous System: Pronunciation of Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells |
| Afferent Nerve | carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve) |
| Akinetic | Pt. to the absence of voluntary movement |
| Analgesia | absence of sensitivity to pain |
| Anencephaly | partial or complete absence of brain matter; congenital brain malformation |
| Anethesia | lack of feeling or sensation |
| Aphasia | loss of ability to speak or express oneself with language |
| Apraxia | inability to carry out fmilair actions with accuracy |
| Arachnoid Membrane | Middle layer of 3 membranes that surround brain and spinal cord |
| Astrocyte | Star shaped neuroglial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries |
| Ataxia | condition of decreased coordination |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs |
| Axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell |
| Blood-brain barrier | Protective separation b/w the blood and brain cells. Make it difficult for substances (like anticancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter brain. |
| Bradykinesia | slow movement |
| Brainstem | Posterior protion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| Cauda Equina | collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord |
| Causalgia | intense burning pain following injury to a sensory nerve |
| Cell Body | part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| Cephalgia | headaches may result from vasodilation of blood vessels in tissues surrounding brain or from tension in neck and scalp muscles |
| Cerebellar | Pt. to cerebellum |
| Cerebellopontine | Pt. to cerebellum and pons |
| Cerebellum | posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance |
| Cerebral Cortex | Outer region of cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of brain |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord |
| Cerebrum | largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory |
| Coma | state of unconsciousness from which patient cannot be aroused |
| Comatose | pt. coma state |
| Cranial Nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve) |
| Dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse |
| Dura Mater | thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord |
| Dyslexia | developmental reading disorder occurring when the brain does not properly recognize, process, and interpret language |
| Dyskinesia | condition marked by involuntary, spasmodic movements |
| Efferent Nerve (ef-away from) (-ferent-to carry) | Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve |
| Encephalitis | inflammation of brain |
| Encephalopathy | Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease associated with repetitive brain trauma |
| Ependymal Cell | Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid |
| Epidural Hematoma | occurs b/w the skull and the dura as a result of a ruptured meningeal artery, usually after a fracture of the skull |
| Ganglion (plural: ganglia) | collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (outside brain and spinal cord) |
| Glial Cell (neuroglial cell) | supports and connects the cells of the nervous system. Glial cells can reproduce themselves as opposed to neuroons |
| Glioblastoma (-blast= immature) | highly malignant tumor. Gliomas are tumors of glial (neuroglial) cells |
| Gyrus (plural: gyri) | sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution |
| Hemiparesis | affects either right or left side of body |
| Hemiplegia | affects right or left half of body and results from a stroke or other brain injury. Contralateral to the brain lesion because motor nerve fibers from the right half of the brain cross to the left side of the body |
| Hypalgesia | diminished sensation to pain |
| Hyperesthesia | excessive sensitivity to touch or pain |
| Hyperkinesis | excessive movement |
| Hypothalamus | portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland |
| Intrathecal Injection | chemical can be delivered into subarachnoid space |
| Leptomeningeal | the pia and arachnoid membranes are known as the leptomeninges because of their thin, delicate structure |
| Medulla oblongata | part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, size of blood of vessels; nerve fibers cross over here |
| Meningeal | pt to membranes, meninges |
| Meninges | 3 productive membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| Meningioma | slowly growing, benign tumor in meninges |
| Microglial Cell | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system |
| Midbrain | uppermost portion of the brainstem |
| Motor Nerve | carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve |
| Myelin Sheath | covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons |
| Myelomeningocele | neural tube defect caused by failure of neural tube to close during embryonic development. Abnormality occurs in infants born with spina bifida. |
| Myelopathy | disease of spinal cord |
| Myoneural | pt to muscle and nerves |
| Narcolepsy | sudden, uncontrollable compulsion to sleep |
| Nerve | macroscopic cord-like collection of fiber (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses |
| Neuralgia | nerve pain. Involves flashes of pain radiating along the course of the trigeminal nerve, 5th cranial nerve. |
| Neurasthenia | nervous exhaustion and fatigue, often following depression |
| Neuroglial Cells | stromal tissue of central nervous system, which makes up its supportive framework and help it ward off infection |
| Neuron | nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system |
| Neuropathy | disease of peripheral nerve |
| Neurotransmitter | chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. Stimulates or inhibits another cell EX: nerve, muscle, gland cell. |
| Oligodendroglial Cell | Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. AKA oligodendrocyte |
| Paraplegia | paralysis of both legs and lower part of body caused by injury or disease of spinal cord or cauda equina |
| Parasympathetic Nerves | involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of gastrointestinal tract |
| Parenchyma | essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. Parenchyma of nervous system: neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses. Parenchyma of liver: hepatocytes Parenchyma of kidney: nephrons |
| Paresis | partial paralysis |
| Paresthesia | tingling, burning, pins and needles sensations |
| Peripheral Nervous System | nerves outside brain and spinal cord: cranial. spinal, autonomic nerves |
| Pia Mater | thin, delicate inner membrane of meninges |
| Plexus (plural: plexuses) | large, interlacing network of nerves. EX: lumbosacral, cervical, brachial plexuses (brachi/o= arm) |
| Poliomyelitis | viral disease affects gray matter of spinal cord, leading to paralysis of muscles that rely on damaged neurons |
| Polyneuritis | inflammation of many nerve cells |
| Pons | part of brain anterior to cerebellum and b/w medulla and rest of midbrain. Bridge connecting various parts of the brain |
| Quadriplegia | all four extremities are affected. Injury is at cervical level of spinal cord |
| Radiculitis | inflammation of nerve root. results in pain and loss of function |
| Radiculopathy | disease of nerve root of spinal nerves |
| Receptor | organ that receives nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. EX: skin, ears, eyes, taste buds |
| Sciatic Nerve | nerve extenidng from base of spine down to thigh, lower leg, foot |
| Sciatica | pain/inflammation along course of nerve |
| Sensory Nerve | carries messages toward brain and spinal cord from receptor; afferent nerve |
| Spinal Nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from spinal cord |
| Stimulus (plural: stimuli) | agent of change in internal/external environment that evokes a response EX: light, sound, touch, pressure, pain |
| Stroma | connective, supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells make up stromal tissue of brain |
| Subdural Hematoma | collection of blood under dura mater |
| Sulcus (plural: sulci) | depression or groove in surface of cerebral cortex; fissure |
| Sympathetic Nerves | autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress |
| Synapse | space through which nervous impulse travels b/w nerve cells or b/w nerve and muscle or glandular cells |
| Syncopal | pt. to fainting |
| Syncope | fainting; sudden and temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate flow of blood to brain |
| Thalamic | pt. to thalamus |
| Thalamus | main relay center of brain. Conducts impulses b/w spinal cord and cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through thalamus to appropriate centers in cerebrum |
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | flashes of pain radiating along course of trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve) |
| Vagal | cranial nerve has branches to head, neck, and chest |
| Vagus Nerve | 10th cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); branches reach to larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Vagus leaves head and "wanders" into abdominal and thoracic cavities |
| Ventricles of the Brain | canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Also found in the heart- 2 lower chambers of the heart |
Created by:
jaclynn
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