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Chapter 4; 5; & 9 Final

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
show -Provides support and shape to the body through a framework of bones and cartilage. -Stores calcium and other minerals. -Produces certain blood cells within the bone marrow.  
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Functions of the muscles   show
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show crooked or stiff  
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show joint  
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Brachi/o   show
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Cervic/o   show
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Chondr/o   show
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Cost/o   show
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Crani/o   show
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show digit (fingers or toes)  
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Fasci/o   show
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show femur  
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Fibr/o   show
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show humped back  
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Lei/o   show
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show bent  
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show loin (lower back)  
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My/o, myos/o, muscul/o   show
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Myel/o   show
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Oste/o   show
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show knee-cap  
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show pelvis (basin) or hip bone  
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Radi/o   show
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Rhabd/o   show
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Sarc/o   show
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show twist  
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show vertebra  
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show sternum (breastbone)  
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show tendon (to stretch)  
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Thorac/o   show
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show tone or tension  
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show ulna  
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Appendicular skeleton:   show
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show -skull -vertebral column -chest -hyoid bone  
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show Specialized connective tissue composed of: -osteocytes (bone cells) that form the skeleton  
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show tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones  
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show mesh like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity  
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Long bones   show
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Short bones   show
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Flat bones   show
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Irregular bones   show
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show round bones found near joints  
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show wide ends of a long bone  
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show shaft of a long bone  
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show growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone  
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Endosteum   show
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show cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow  
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Bone marrow   show
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show functions to form red blood cells, some white cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults  
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show gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells  
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show a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone  
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show a gristle like substance on bones where they articulate  
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Articulation   show
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show a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid  
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Disk or disc   show
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Nucleus pulposus   show
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show a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone  
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show membrane lining the capsule of a joint  
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Synovial fluid   show
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Origin of a muscle   show
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show muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts  
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show a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone  
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show a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports and separates muscle.  
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Anatomic or anatomical position   show
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show reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts  
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show vertical division of the body into (anterior) and (posterior) protion  
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Sagittal plane   show
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show horizontal division of the of the body into upper and lower portions  
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Anterior/ventral   show
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Posterior/dorsal   show
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show front to the back as in reference to the direction of an x-ray  
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show from back to front as a reference  
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Superior/cephalic   show
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show situated below another structure away from the head  
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show towards the beginning or origin of a structure. for example, the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches at the hip at the end of the bone near the knee  
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show away from the beginning or origin of a structure: for example the distal aspect of the femur is  
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Medial   show
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show towards the side  
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show imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part  
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show normal standing position  
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Decubitus   show
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show lying face down and flat  
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Recumbent   show
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show recumbent; lying flat on the back “supine on your spine” horizontal  
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Flexion   show
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Extension   show
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show movement away from the body  
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show movement towards the body  
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show turning outward  
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Inversion   show
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show turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward  
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show bending of the foot or the toes upward  
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show bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes towards the ground  
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show circular movement around an axis  
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Range of motion (ROM)   show
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Goniometer   show
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show joint pain  
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Atrophy   show
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show grating sounds sometimes made by the movement of the joint or broken bones  
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Exostosis   show
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Flaccid   show
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show increase in the size of tissue such as muscle  
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show reduced muscle tone or tension  
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show muscle pain  
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show bone pain  
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Rigor/rigidity   show
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show drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle  
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Spastic   show
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show tension; prolonged, contiguous muscle contractions  
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Tremor   show
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Arthritis   show
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show most common form of arthritis especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (knee or hip) characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage  
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show most crippling form of arthritis; systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) causing ankylosis and deformity  
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show acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially in the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia (excessive amount of uric acid in the blood)  
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Ankylosis   show
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show bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as occurring after a fracture  
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Bunion   show
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Bursitis   show
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show softening of the cartilage  
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show inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the bone  
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show protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that it causes compression on the nerve root  
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show bone marrow tumor  
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Myositis   show
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Fracture (FX)   show
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Closed fx   show
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Open fx   show
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Simple fx   show
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show displaced fx that requires manipulation or surgery to repair  
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Fracture line   show
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Comminuted fx   show
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Greenstick fx   show
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Myoma   show
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Leiomyoma   show
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Leiomyosarcoma   show
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show skeletal muscle tumor  
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Rhabdomyosarcoma   show
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show bone tumor  
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show malignant bone tumor  
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show disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency  
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show osteomalacia in children causes bone deformity  
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Osteomyelitis   show
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Osteoporosis   show
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Spinal curvatures   show
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Kyphosis   show
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Lordosis   show
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Scoliosis   show
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show forward slipping of the lumbar vertebra  
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Spondylosis   show
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show injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture  
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show partial dislocation  
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show inflammation of the tendon  
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show a neurodiagnostic, graphic record or the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnosis neuromuscular disorders  
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show a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, usually a full bony scan  
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show all used to diagnosis a variety of musculoskeletal fractures and other bone disorders  
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show a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium  
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show partial or complete removal of a limb  
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show needle puncture for aspiration of fluid in a joint  
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show binding or fusion of joint surfaces  
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Arthroscopy   show
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AKA   show
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BKA   show
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Bone graft   show
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Bursectomy   show
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show repair of a muscle  
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show repair of a bone  
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show incision into bone  
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show a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle  
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show internal surgical repair of a fx by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them to a place with devices such as plates, screws and pins  
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Closed Reduction, External Fixation of a fracture (CREF)   show
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Orthosis   show
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Physical therapy   show
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Prosthesis   show
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Analgesic   show
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show a drug that reduces inflammation  
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Antipyretic   show
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show a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties such as Tylenol or Ibuprofen, commonly used to treat arthritis  
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Narcotic   show
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Chapter 5: Cardiovascular System The Heart   show
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show The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels, which work together to transport blood throughout the body.  
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show The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. The heart consists of four chambers; R & L atrium (upper chambers) and the R & L ventricles (lower cambers) The heart is divided into right and left portions by the interatrial septum  
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show The heart valves open and close to maintain the one-way flow of blood through the heart The heart has three layers: the endocardium, which lines the interior cavities of the heart; the myocardium, which is the thick, muscular layer; and the epicardium, w  
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show Blood, which transports essential elements within the body, flows through the heart as follows: Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava in to the right atrium. During atrial contraction, th  
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show Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium With atrial contraction, the mitral (or bicuspid) valve opens to allow blood flow into the left ventricle Contraction of the left ventricle pushes blood through the aorti  
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Angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o   show
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show aorta  
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Arteri/o   show
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show lipid paste  
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Atri/o   show
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Cardi/o   show
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show crown or circle  
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show muscle  
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Pector/o, seth/o   show
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show pulse  
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Thromb/o   show
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show vein  
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show twisted swollen vein  
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show ventricle (belly or pouch)  
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show -Right atrium (upper chamber) -Left atrium (upper chamber) -Right ventricle (lower chamber) -Left ventricle (lower chamber)  
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Septum   show
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Interatrial septum   show
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show separates the ventricles  
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endocardium   show
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show thick, muscular layer  
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show outer membrane  
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pericardium   show
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Atrium   show
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show membrane lining the cavities of the heart  
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Epicardium   show
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Interatrial septum   show
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show partition between the right and left ventricles  
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show heart muscle  
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show lower right or left chamber of the heart  
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show protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between  
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show layer closest to the heart  
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Parietal pericardium   show
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Pericardial cavity   show
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Heart Valves   show
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show located between right atrium and right ventricle  
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mitral (bicuspid) valve   show
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pulmonary semilunar valve   show
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show located between left ventricle and aorta  
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show vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles  
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aorta   show
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show small vessels receive blood from the arteries  
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capillaries   show
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show small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins  
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veins   show
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Coronary circulation   show
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show Circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases  
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Systemic circulation   show
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Blood Pressure   show
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Diastole   show
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Systole   show
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Normotension   show
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show low blood pressure  
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hypertension   show
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show provides the electrical stimulus that is necessary to cause the heart muscle to pump blood by the continual contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of myocardial cells  
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Sinoatrial node (SA)   show
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show neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His  
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Bundle of His   show
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Purkinji fibers   show
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Polarization   show
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show change of a myocardial cell  
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show recharging of the myocardial cell  
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Normal sinus rhythm   show
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show a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart. Aorta or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness  
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Saccular   show
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show a spindle – shape bulge  
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Dissecting   show
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show chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries  
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Arteriosclerosis   show
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Claudication   show
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Constriction   show
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show profuse sweating  
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Atherosclerosis   show
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Atheromatous plaque   show
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show a clot  
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show an abnormal heart sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves  
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show a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion in a blood vessel  
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Occlusion   show
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Ischemia   show
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Perfusion deficit   show
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show subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heartbeats  
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show condition of narrowing of a part the heart  
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show blood clot  
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show an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection  
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show signs and symptoms indicating an active process of atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina and other pathologica  
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show any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat  
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Bradycardia   show
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Tachycardia   show
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show chaotic, irregular beat of the heart, can be caused by the atrium or ventricle  
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show ventricular contraction preceding the normal contraction  
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Bacterial endocarditis   show
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show a general term for disease of the heart muscle, such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart caused by excessive ETOH abuse)  
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Coronary artery disease (CAD)   show
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Congenital anomaly of the heart   show
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Atrial septal defect (ASD)   show
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Coarctation of the aorta   show
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Patent ductus arteriosus   show
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show an opening in the septum separating the ventricles  
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show failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a bottleneck of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in the lower portions of the body  
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show enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs  
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Hypertension (HTN)   show
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Essential/primary HTN   show
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show high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease (kidney disease)  
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Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)   show
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Myocardial infarction (MI)   show
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Myocarditis   show
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Pericarditis   show
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Rheumatic heart disease   show
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Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)   show
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show formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac vein  
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show inflammation of a vein  
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show inflammation of a vein clot  
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show abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs  
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Auscultation   show
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show abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction  
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EKG (Electrocardiogram)   show
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Stress electrocardiogram   show
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Holter monitor   show
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show invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; ablation maybe performed at the same time to treat the abnormality  
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Ablation   show
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show radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize the structures and to analyze functions  
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show use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed tomographic techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart  
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show x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium, most commonly after catheter placement record obtained by angiography  
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Coronary   show
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Arteriogram   show
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Aortogram   show
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show x-ray of a vein  
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Cardiac catheterization   show
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show x-ray imaging of the ventricular cavity and coronary arteries of the left side of the heart  
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show Measures oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart  
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show x-ray image of the ventricles  
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Stroke volume (SV)   show
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show measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart  
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show measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction  
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Echo cardiogram   show
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Stress echo   show
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show echo of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus  
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Doppler   show
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Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)   show
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Endarterectomy   show
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show surgery repair to replace a disease heart valve with an artificial valve these can be made of animal tissue or made from synthetic material  
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Valvuloplasty   show
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Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)   show
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Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)   show
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Defibrillation   show
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show device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation  
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show restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm, either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical current  
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show an implantable, battery-operated device with rate-sensing leads: the device monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia  
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show a device used to treat a slow heart rate (bradycardia) by electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often, it is implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin, but can also be temporary and patient is paced transcutaneous  
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor   show
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Antianginal   show
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Antiarrhythmic   show
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show drug that prevent clotting of the blood  
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show drug that lowers blood pressure  
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Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (beta blockers)   show
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Calcium channel blockers   show
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show drug that increases the force of the myocardial contractions in the heart; commonly used in CHF  
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Diuretic   show
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Hypolipidemic   show
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show drugs used to dissolve thrombi (often called clot busters)  
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show drug that causes narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow  
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Vasodilator   show
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Chapter 9: Endocrine System Endocrine   show
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show gland  
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show adrenal gland  
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Andr/o   show
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Crin/o   show
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Dips/o   show
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Gluc/o, glucose/o, glyc/o   show
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show hormone  
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Ket/o, keton/o   show
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show pancereas  
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show thymus gland  
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Thyr/o, thyroid/o   show
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Adrenal glands   show
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adrenal cortex   show
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show secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine  
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Steroid hormones   show
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show Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response  
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Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)   show
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Parathyroid glands   show
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Pineal gland   show
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show located at the base of the brain secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone. adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolact  
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show Located on both sides within the scrotum in the male: secrete testosterone  
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show located in front of the neck  
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Thymus gland   show
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Glucosuria   show
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show high blood sugar  
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Hypoglycemia   show
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show high level of potassium in the blood K+  
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Hypokalemia   show
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show low levels of calcium in the blood  
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show high level of calcium in the blood  
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Hypersecretion   show
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Hyposecretion   show
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show excessive thirst  
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Polyuria   show
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Metabolism   show
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show presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes  
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Cushing Syndrome   show
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Adrenal virilism   show
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show Symptoms in girls may include masculization of sex organs, low voice acne, amenorrhea and masculine hair distribution and muscle growth  
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Diabetes Mellitis (DM)   show
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Type 1 diabetes   show
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show diabetes caused by where the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of insulin) the patient is not normally dependent on insulin for survival  
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show hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor  
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show Aches and pains Depression Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting  
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show hyposecretion  
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show Symptoms Abdominal pain Brittle nails Cataracts Dry hair Dry, scaly skin Muscle cramps Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties)  
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show disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary gland  
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show a condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate stature  
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show a condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to over growth of bone, usually caused by a tumor  
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Goiter   show
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show hypersecretion of the thyroid gland  
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show hyposecretion of the thyroid gland  
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Exophthalmos   show
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Blood sugar   show
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show fasting blood sugar ( no food/fluid intake for 12 hours)  
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show measurement of blood sugar after eating  
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show measurement of the amount of sugar on a red blood cell given an approximate 3 month average blood sugar  
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Glucose tolerance test   show
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show chemistry panel measuring potassium, calcium, chloride, sodium & CO2  
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show measurement of thyroid levels in the blood  
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Urine sugar & ketone study   show
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CT   show
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show used to look at abnormalities of the pituitary, pancreas, adrenal glands and the thyroid gland  
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show used to view the thyroid gland Thyroid uptake image ~ nuclear scan to detect thyroid nodules or tumors  
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Adrenalectomy   show
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Hypophysectomy   show
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Pancreatectomy   show
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Parathyroidectomy   show
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show excision of the thymus gland  
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Thyroidectomy   show
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show a device that delivers a constant dosing of insulin and is capable of giving a bolus of insulin with meals  
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show use of radioactive iodine to treat thyroid (tumor) disease  
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Antidiabetic medication   show
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Antithyroid drug   show
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show treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency  
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show agent that lowers blood sugar can be injectable or via a pill  
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