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Medical Terminology
Chapter 4; 5; & 9 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System Functions of the skeleton | -Provides support and shape to the body through a framework of bones and cartilage. -Stores calcium and other minerals. -Produces certain blood cells within the bone marrow. |
| Functions of the muscles | -Supply the forces that make body movements possible. -Provide a protective covering for the internal organs. -Produces body heat. |
| Ankyl/o | crooked or stiff |
| Arthr/o, articul/o | joint |
| Brachi/o | arm |
| Cervic/o | neck |
| Chondr/o | cartilage |
| Cost/o | rib |
| Crani/o | skull |
| Dactyl/o | digit (fingers or toes) |
| Fasci/o | fiscia |
| Femor/o | femur |
| Fibr/o | fiber |
| Kyph/o | humped back |
| Lei/o | smooth |
| Lord/o | bent |
| Lumb/o | loin (lower back) |
| My/o, myos/o, muscul/o | muscle |
| Myel/o | bone marrow or spinal cord |
| Oste/o | bone |
| Patell/o | knee-cap |
| Pelv/i | pelvis (basin) or hip bone |
| Radi/o | radius |
| Rhabd/o | rod-shaped or striated (skeletal) |
| Sarc/o | flesh |
| Scoli/o | twist |
| Spondyl/o, vetebr/o | vertebra |
| Stern/o | sternum (breastbone) |
| Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon (to stretch) |
| Thorac/o | chest |
| Ton/o | tone or tension |
| Uln/o | ulna |
| Appendicular skeleton: | -shoulder -pelvis -upper and lower extremities |
| Axial skeleton: | -skull -vertebral column -chest -hyoid bone |
| Bone | Specialized connective tissue composed of: -osteocytes (bone cells) that form the skeleton |
| Compact bone | tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones |
| Spongy bone/cancellous bone | mesh like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity |
| Long bones | bones of arms and legs |
| Short bones | bones of wrists and ankles |
| Flat bones | bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull |
| Irregular bones | bones of vertebrae and face |
| Sesamoid bones | round bones found near joints |
| Epiphysis | wide ends of a long bone |
| Diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| Metaphysis | growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone |
| Endosteum | membrane lining the medullary cavity of the bone |
| Medullary cavity | cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow |
| Bone marrow | soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones |
| Red bone marrow | functions to form red blood cells, some white cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults |
| Yellow bone marrow | gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells |
| Periosteum | a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone |
| Articular cartilage | a gristle like substance on bones where they articulate |
| Articulation | a joint; the part where two bones come together |
| Bursa | a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
| Disk or disc | a flat plate like structure composed of fibro-cartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduce friction |
| Nucleus pulposus | the soft fibrocartilaginous central portion of intervertebral disk |
| Ligament | a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
| Synovial membrane | membrane lining the capsule of a joint |
| Synovial fluid | joint lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane |
| Origin of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contacts |
| Insertion of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts |
| Tendon | a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| Fascia | a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports and separates muscle. |
| Anatomic or anatomical position | a term of reference that health professionals used when noting body planes, positions or directions; the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing fo |
| Body planes | reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts |
| Coronal or frontal plane | vertical division of the body into (anterior) and (posterior) protion |
| Sagittal plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
| Transverse plane | horizontal division of the of the body into upper and lower portions |
| Anterior/ventral | front of the body |
| Posterior/dorsal | back of the body |
| Anterior-posterior | front to the back as in reference to the direction of an x-ray |
| Posterior-anterior | from back to front as a reference |
| Superior/cephalic | situated above another structure toward the head |
| Inferior/caudal | situated below another structure away from the head |
| Proximal | towards the beginning or origin of a structure. for example, the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches at the hip at the end of the bone near the knee |
| Distal | away from the beginning or origin of a structure: for example the distal aspect of the femur is |
| Medial | toward the middle |
| Lateral | towards the side |
| Axis | imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part |
| Erect | normal standing position |
| Decubitus | lateral decubitus (lying down on your side) |
| Prone | lying face down and flat |
| Recumbent | lying down |
| Supine | recumbent; lying flat on the back “supine on your spine” horizontal |
| Flexion | bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased |
| Extension | straightening at the joint so that the angle of the bones is increased |
| Abduction | movement away from the body |
| Adduction | movement towards the body |
| Eversion | turning outward |
| Inversion | turning inward |
| Supination | turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward |
| Dorsiflexion | bending of the foot or the toes upward |
| Plantar flexion | bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes towards the ground |
| Rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| Range of motion (ROM) | total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (inability to flex, extend, abduct or adduct) measured in degrees |
| Goniometer | instrument used to measure joint angles |
| Arthralgia | joint pain |
| Atrophy | shrinking of muscle size |
| Crepitation/crepitus | grating sounds sometimes made by the movement of the joint or broken bones |
| Exostosis | a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage |
| Flaccid | relaxed or having defective or absent muscle tone |
| Hypertrophy | increase in the size of tissue such as muscle |
| Hypotonia | reduced muscle tone or tension |
| Myalgia/myodynia | muscle pain |
| Ostealgia/osteodynia | bone pain |
| Rigor/rigidity | stiffness; stiff muscle |
| Spasm | drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle |
| Spastic | uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements |
| Tetany | tension; prolonged, contiguous muscle contractions |
| Tremor | shaking; rhythmic muscular movement |
| Arthritis | inflammation of the joint characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth and limitations of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis |
| Osteoarthritis (OA) | most common form of arthritis especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (knee or hip) characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | most crippling form of arthritis; systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) causing ankylosis and deformity |
| Gouty arthritis | acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially in the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia (excessive amount of uric acid in the blood) |
| Ankylosis | stiff joint |
| Bony necrosis | bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as occurring after a fracture |
| Bunion | swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa |
| Bursitis | inflammation of the bursa |
| Chondromalacia | softening of the cartilage |
| Epiphysitis | inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the bone |
| Herniated disk | protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that it causes compression on the nerve root |
| Myeloma | bone marrow tumor |
| Myositis | muscle inflammation |
| Fracture (FX) | broken or cracked bone |
| Closed fx | broken bone with no open wound |
| Open fx | compound fx; broken bone with a open wound (broken skin) |
| Simple fx | non-displaced fx with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (hair line, stress or crack) |
| Complex fx | displaced fx that requires manipulation or surgery to repair |
| Fracture line | the line of the break in the bone |
| Comminuted fx | broken in many small pieces |
| Greenstick fx | bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children |
| Myoma | muscle tumor |
| Leiomyoma | smooth muscle tumor |
| Leiomyosarcoma | malignant smooth muscle tumor |
| Rhabdomyoma | skeletal muscle tumor |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | malignant skeletal muscle tumor |
| Osteoma | bone tumor |
| Osteosarcoma | malignant bone tumor |
| Osteomalacia | disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency |
| Rickets | osteomalacia in children causes bone deformity |
| Osteomyelitis | infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation |
| Osteoporosis | condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bone to become brittle and to fracture more easily |
| Spinal curvatures | curvatures of the spine |
| Kyphosis | abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back) |
| Lordosis | abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (bent-back) |
| Scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spine |
| Spondylolisthesis | forward slipping of the lumbar vertebra |
| Spondylosis | stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration |
| Sprain | injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture |
| Subluxation | partial dislocation |
| Tendinitis | inflammation of the tendon |
| Electromyogram | a neurodiagnostic, graphic record or the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnosis neuromuscular disorders |
| Bone scan | a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, usually a full bony scan |
| MRI, X-Ray, CT scan & ultrasound | all used to diagnosis a variety of musculoskeletal fractures and other bone disorders |
| Arthrogram | a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium |
| Amputation | partial or complete removal of a limb |
| Arthrocentesis | needle puncture for aspiration of fluid in a joint |
| Arthrodesis | binding or fusion of joint surfaces |
| Arthroscopy | an arthroscope to examine, diagnose and repair a joint from within |
| AKA | above the knee |
| BKA | below the knee |
| Bone graft | transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another |
| Bursectomy | excision of the bursa |
| Myoplasty | repair of a muscle |
| Osteoplasty | repair of a bone |
| Osteotomy | incision into bone |
| Tenotomy | a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle |
| Open Reduction, Internal Fixation of a fracture (ORIF) | internal surgical repair of a fx by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them to a place with devices such as plates, screws and pins |
| Closed Reduction, External Fixation of a fracture (CREF) | external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place for healing (closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture) |
| Orthosis | use of an orthopedic application to maintain a bones position or to provide limb support, such as a brace |
| Physical therapy | treatment to rehabilitate patients disables by an illness or injury; involves many different modalities, such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy and ultrasound |
| Prosthesis | an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve body function, such as artificial limbs, knee or hip replacement |
| Analgesic | a drug that relieves |
| Anti-inflammatory | a drug that reduces inflammation |
| Antipyretic | a drug that relieves fever |
| Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) | a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties such as Tylenol or Ibuprofen, commonly used to treat arthritis |
| Narcotic | a potent analgesic with addictive properties |
| Chapter 5: Cardiovascular System The Heart | Muscular organ Hollow interior Pumps blood throughout the body Four chambers Two upper chambers Two lower chambers |
| cardiovascular system | The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels, which work together to transport blood throughout the body. |
| The Heart pt2 | The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. The heart consists of four chambers; R & L atrium (upper chambers) and the R & L ventricles (lower cambers) The heart is divided into right and left portions by the interatrial septum |
| Cardiovascular System Cont.... | The heart valves open and close to maintain the one-way flow of blood through the heart The heart has three layers: the endocardium, which lines the interior cavities of the heart; the myocardium, which is the thick, muscular layer; and the epicardium, w |
| Circulation through the Heart | Blood, which transports essential elements within the body, flows through the heart as follows: Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava in to the right atrium. During atrial contraction, th |
| Circulation Cont | Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium With atrial contraction, the mitral (or bicuspid) valve opens to allow blood flow into the left ventricle Contraction of the left ventricle pushes blood through the aorti |
| Angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o | vessel |
| Aort/o | aorta |
| Arteri/o | artery |
| Ather/o | lipid paste |
| Atri/o | atrium |
| Cardi/o | heart |
| Coron/o | crown or circle |
| My/o | muscle |
| Pector/o, seth/o | chest |
| Sphygm/o | pulse |
| Thromb/o | clot |
| Ven/o, phleb/o | vein |
| Varic/o | twisted swollen vein |
| Ventricul/o | ventricle (belly or pouch) |
| 4 Chambers of the heart | -Right atrium (upper chamber) -Left atrium (upper chamber) -Right ventricle (lower chamber) -Left ventricle (lower chamber) |
| Septum | the heart separated into right and left portions |
| Interatrial septum | separates the atria |
| Interventricular septum | separates the ventricles |
| endocardium | membrane that lines the interior cavities of the heart |
| myocardium | thick, muscular layer |
| epicardium | outer membrane |
| pericardium | the loose, protective sac that surrounds and encloses the heart |
| Atrium | upper right or left chamber of the heart |
| Endocardium | membrane lining the cavities of the heart |
| Epicardium | membrane forming the outer layer of the heart |
| Interatrial septum | partition between the right and left atria |
| Interventricular septum | partition between the right and left ventricles |
| Myocardium | heart muscle |
| Ventricle | lower right or left chamber of the heart |
| Pericardium | protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between |
| Visceral pericardium | layer closest to the heart |
| Parietal pericardium | outer layer |
| Pericardial cavity | fluid filled cavity between the pericardial layers |
| Heart Valves | open and close with the heartbeat to maintain one-way flow of blood through the heart |
| tricuspid valve | located between right atrium and right ventricle |
| mitral (bicuspid) valve | located between left atrium and left ventricle |
| pulmonary semilunar valve | opening from right ventricle to pulmonary artery |
| aortic valve | located between left ventricle and aorta |
| arteries | vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles |
| aorta | large artery branching from the left ventricle |
| arterioles | small vessels receive blood from the arteries |
| capillaries | tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules |
| venules | small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins |
| veins | vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules |
| Coronary circulation | circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle |
| Pulmonary circulation | Circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases |
| Systemic circulation | Circulation of blood throughout the body via arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues |
| Blood Pressure | Force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries, veins, and heart chambers Determined by the volume of blood, the space within the arteries and arterioles, and the force of the heart contractions |
| Diastole | A cardiac cycle period when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria |
| Systole | A cardiac cycle period when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery |
| Normotension | normal blood pressure |
| hypotension | low blood pressure |
| hypertension | high blood pressure |
| Cardiac conduction | provides the electrical stimulus that is necessary to cause the heart muscle to pump blood by the continual contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of myocardial cells |
| Sinoatrial node (SA) | the pacemaker of the heart; highly specialized, neurological tissue impeded in the wall of the R atrium; responsible for the initiating the electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV n |
| Atrioventricular node (AV) | neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His |
| Bundle of His | neurological fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinjie fibers |
| Purkinji fibers | fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricle, causing them to contract |
| Polarization | resting state of the myocardial cell |
| Depolarization | change of a myocardial cell |
| Repolarization | recharging of the myocardial cell |
| Normal sinus rhythm | regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulation by the SA node (average rate of 60-100 beats per minute) |
| Aneurysm | a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart. Aorta or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness |
| Saccular | a sac like bulge on one side |
| Fusiform | a spindle – shape bulge |
| Dissecting | a split or tear of the vessel wall |
| Angina pectoris | chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries |
| Arteriosclerosis | thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls |
| Claudication | to limp; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply |
| Constriction | compression of a part that causes narrowing (stenosis) |
| Diaphoresis | profuse sweating |
| Atherosclerosis | a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries |
| Atheromatous plaque | a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fats (lipids) |
| Embolus | a clot |
| Heart murmur | an abnormal heart sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves |
| Infarct | a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion in a blood vessel |
| Occlusion | plugging; an obstruction or a closing off |
| Ischemia | to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel |
| Perfusion deficit | lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing |
| Palpitation | subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heartbeats |
| Stenosis | condition of narrowing of a part the heart |
| Thrombus | blood clot |
| Vegetation | an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection |
| Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | signs and symptoms indicating an active process of atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina and other pathologica |
| dysrhythmia | any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat |
| Bradycardia | slow heart beat less then 60 |
| Tachycardia | fast heart beat greater than 100 |
| Fibrillation | chaotic, irregular beat of the heart, can be caused by the atrium or ventricle |
| Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) | ventricular contraction preceding the normal contraction |
| Bacterial endocarditis | a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves |
| Cardiomyopathy | a general term for disease of the heart muscle, such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart caused by excessive ETOH abuse) |
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) | a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduce the flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis |
| Congenital anomaly of the heart | malformations of the heart that are present at birth (congenital = born with) |
| Atrial septal defect (ASD) | an opening in the septum separating the atria |
| Coarctation of the aorta | narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus to close after birth |
| Ventricular septal defect (VSD) | an opening in the septum separating the ventricles |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a bottleneck of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in the lower portions of the body |
| Cor pulmonale | enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs |
| Hypertension (HTN) | persistently high blood pressure |
| Essential/primary HTN | high blood pressure attributed to no single cause; risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors |
| Secondary HTN | high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease (kidney disease) |
| Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) | protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backward flow of blood |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | heart attack; death of myocardial tissue caused by ischemia (loss of blood flow) |
| Myocarditis | inflammation of myocardium |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| Rheumatic heart disease | damage to the heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (streph infection) |
| Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) | the abrupt cessation of any cardiac output (CO), most commonly as the result of ventricular fibrillation; causes sudden death unless defibrillation is initiated immediately |
| Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac vein |
| Phlebitis | inflammation of a vein |
| Thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein clot |
| Varicose vein | abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs |
| Auscultation | physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope |
| Gallop | abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction |
| EKG (Electrocardiogram) | an electrical picture of the heart |
| Stress electrocardiogram | electrical picture of the heart while exercising |
| Holter monitor | portable EKG worn by the patient over a 24 hour period |
| Intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS) | invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; ablation maybe performed at the same time to treat the abnormality |
| Ablation | use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites that generate abnormal electrical pathways |
| Nuclear medicine imaging | radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration of radioactive isotopes to visualize the structures and to analyze functions |
| Positron-emission tomography scan (PET) | use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed tomographic techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart |
| Angiogram | x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium, most commonly after catheter placement record obtained by angiography |
| Coronary | image of the blood vessels of the heart |
| Arteriogram | x-rays of a particular artery |
| Aortogram | x-rays of the aorta |
| Venogram | x-ray of a vein |
| Cardiac catheterization | introduction of a flexible, narrow tube (or catheter) through a vein or artery into the heart to withdrawal samples of blood to measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and to inject contrast medium for fluoroscopic radiography and cine fil |
| L heart catheterization | x-ray imaging of the ventricular cavity and coronary arteries of the left side of the heart |
| R heart catheterization | Measures oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart |
| Ventriculogram | x-ray image of the ventricles |
| Stroke volume (SV) | measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction |
| Cardiac output (CO) | measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart |
| Ejection fraction | measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction |
| Echo cardiogram | recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion |
| Stress echo | echo done while person exercises |
| Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) | echo of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus |
| Doppler | ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or carotid insufficiency, or to determine blood flow through the chambers and valves |
| Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass the occluded coronary artery restoring circulation to myocardial tissue |
| Endarterectomy | surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup |
| Valve replacement | surgery repair to replace a disease heart valve with an artificial valve these can be made of animal tissue or made from synthetic material |
| Valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a heart valve |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) performed at the time of a cardiac catheterization in a specialized cath lab |
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | a method for treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, then inflating the balloon to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel to restore blood flow to the myocardium; most often in |
| Defibrillation | termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivering an electrical stimulus to the heart; most commonly, this is done by applying the electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall, but it can also be performed internally, such as during op |
| Defibrillator | device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation |
| Cardioversion | restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm, either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical current |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillation (ICD) | an implantable, battery-operated device with rate-sensing leads: the device monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia |
| Pacemaker | a device used to treat a slow heart rate (bradycardia) by electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often, it is implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin, but can also be temporary and patient is paced transcutaneous |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | ACE inhibitor drug used in the treatment of hypertension (HTN) |
| Antianginal | drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the heart tissue to relieve pain from angina |
| Antiarrhythmic | drug that counteracts cardia arrhythmia |
| Anticoagulant | drug that prevent clotting of the blood |
| Antihypertensive | drug that lowers blood pressure |
| Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (beta blockers) | an agent used to treat angina and hypertension |
| Calcium channel blockers | an agent used to prevent and treat angina and treat hypertension |
| Cardiotonic | drug that increases the force of the myocardial contractions in the heart; commonly used in CHF |
| Diuretic | drug that increases the secretion of urine; used to treat HTN |
| Hypolipidemic | drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol |
| Thrombolytic agents | drugs used to dissolve thrombi (often called clot busters) |
| Vasoconstrictor | drug that causes narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow |
| Vasodilator | drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow |
| Chapter 9: Endocrine System Endocrine | endocrine system secretes hormones and other substances from ductless glands and other structures Glands secrete hormones which affect function of targeted organs |
| Aden/o | gland |
| Adren/o, adrenal/o | adrenal gland |
| Andr/o | male |
| Crin/o | to secrete |
| Dips/o | thirst |
| Gluc/o, glucose/o, glyc/o | glucose |
| Hormon/o | hormone |
| Ket/o, keton/o | ketone bodies |
| Pancret/o | pancereas |
| Thym/o | thymus gland |
| Thyr/o, thyroid/o | thyroid |
| Adrenal glands | located on top each kidney |
| adrenal cortex | secretes steroid hormones which regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance |
| adrenal medulla | secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Steroid hormones | regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance |
| Catecholamines | Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
| Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) | located behind the stomach functions to secrete insulin and glucagon |
| Parathyroid glands | located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck functions to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Pineal gland | located in the center of the brain secretes melatonin and serotonin |
| Pituitary gland | located at the base of the brain secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone. adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolact |
| Testes | Located on both sides within the scrotum in the male: secrete testosterone |
| Thyroid gland | located in front of the neck |
| Thymus gland | located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to above the heart; secretes thymosin |
| Glucosuria | glucose in the urine |
| Hyperglycemia | high blood sugar |
| Hypoglycemia | low blood sugar |
| Hyperkalemia | high level of potassium in the blood K+ |
| Hypokalemia | deficient level of potassium in the blood k+ |
| Hypocalcemia | low levels of calcium in the blood |
| Hypercalcemia | high level of calcium in the blood |
| Hypersecretion | abnormally increased secretion |
| Hyposecretion | abnormally decreased secretion |
| Polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| Polyuria | excessive urination |
| Metabolism | all chemical process in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste and other bodily function |
| Ketosis | presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes |
| Cushing Syndrome | a collection od signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland |
| Adrenal virilism | excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia |
| Adrenal virilism symptoms | Symptoms in girls may include masculization of sex organs, low voice acne, amenorrhea and masculine hair distribution and muscle growth |
| Diabetes Mellitis (DM) | metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas |
| Type 1 diabetes | diabetes caused by NO beta-cells usually diagnosed within months of life, the patient is dependent on insulin for survival |
| Type 2 Diabetes | diabetes caused by where the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of insulin) the patient is not normally dependent on insulin for survival |
| Hyperparathyroidism | hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor |
| Hyperparathyroidism symptom | Aches and pains Depression Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting |
| Hypoparathyroidism | hyposecretion |
| Hypoparathyroidism symptom | Symptoms Abdominal pain Brittle nails Cataracts Dry hair Dry, scaly skin Muscle cramps Muscle spasms called tetany (can affect the larynx, causing breathing difficulties) |
| Acromegly | disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary gland |
| Pituitary dwarfism | a condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate stature |
| Pituitary gigantism | a condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to over growth of bone, usually caused by a tumor |
| Goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Hyperthyroidism | hypersecretion of the thyroid gland |
| Hypothyroid | hyposecretion of the thyroid gland |
| Exophthalmos | protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor |
| Blood sugar | level of sugar in the blood |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar ( no food/fluid intake for 12 hours) |
| Postprandial blood sugar | measurement of blood sugar after eating |
| Glycohemaglobin | measurement of the amount of sugar on a red blood cell given an approximate 3 month average blood sugar |
| Glucose tolerance test | measurement of how the body breaks down sugar |
| Electrolyte panel | chemistry panel measuring potassium, calcium, chloride, sodium & CO2 |
| Thyroid function study | measurement of thyroid levels in the blood |
| Urine sugar & ketone study | chemical test to screen for diabetes studying for ketones and sugar in the blood |
| CT | used to visualize the pituitary gland looking for tumors |
| MRI | used to look at abnormalities of the pituitary, pancreas, adrenal glands and the thyroid gland |
| Sonogram | used to view the thyroid gland Thyroid uptake image ~ nuclear scan to detect thyroid nodules or tumors |
| Adrenalectomy | excision of the adrenal gland |
| Hypophysectomy | excision of the pituitary gland |
| Pancreatectomy | excision of the pancreas |
| Parathyroidectomy | excision of the parathyroid |
| Thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland |
| Thyroidectomy | excision of the thryroid |
| Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) | a device that delivers a constant dosing of insulin and is capable of giving a bolus of insulin with meals |
| Radioiodine therapy | use of radioactive iodine to treat thyroid (tumor) disease |
| Antidiabetic medication | agents used to control blood sugar |
| Antithyroid drug | agents that block the production of thyroid hormones used to treat hyperthyroidisim |
| Hormone replacement therapy | treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency |
| Antihyperglycemic drug | agent that lowers blood sugar can be injectable or via a pill |
Created by:
Rodney C
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