A&P Chapter 12 Dr.Cutler
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| Nervous System keeps what? | Controlled conditions within limits that maintain life
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| The nervous system uses what? | Nerve impulses to respond to change
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| What is the nervous systems counterpoint? | The endocrine system (hormones)
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| The nervous system initates what? | All voluntary movement
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| What is Neurology? | The normal function and disorders of the nervous system
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| What do Neurologists do? | Diagnosis and treat all Nervous System disorders
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| What are the 2 different Nervous Systems? | Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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| The CNS is only connected to the what? | The brain and spinal cord
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| What is the PNS connected to? | All the nervous tissue outside of the brain and the spinal cord
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| The CNS processes incoming what? | Sensory Information
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| What is the source of thoughts, emotions and memories and the origin of impulses to muscles and glands? | The Central Nervous System
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| Sensory In and Motor Out refers to what nervous system? | Central Nervous System
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| The 3 components of the PNS | Nerves, Ganglia, and Enteric Plexus (guts)
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| The 2 divisions of the PNS | Somatic Division and the Autonomic Division
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| Nerves in the PNS are what? | Bundles of axons outside the brain or spinal cord that transmit electrical impulses to and from the brain
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| How many pairs of Cranial Nerves are in the PNS? | 12 pairs
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| How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are in the PNS? | 31 pairs
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| Ganglia in the PNS are what? | Neuron cell bodies that are small masses of nerve cell tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
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| Where are the ganglia closely tied to? | Cranial and spinal nerve pairs
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| Enteric Plexus in the PNS are what? | Networks/bundles of neurons in the walls of the GI tract to regulate digestion
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| The Enteric Nervous System is what? | Its own system
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| Somatic does what? | Controls the body and is voluntary
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| Autonomic does what? | Controls involuntary functions like sweating, heartbeat, and fight or flight response
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| Motor Neurons in the Somatic Nervous System do what? | Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
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| Sensory Neurons in the Somatic Nervous System do what? | Conduct senses from the head, body and limbs to the CNS
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| The sensory division in the Autonomic Nervous System are what? | Receptors in viscera (organs)
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| The motor division in the Autonomic Nervous System are what? | Neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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| The 2 divisons of the Motor Divison in the Autonomic Nervous System | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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| Sympathetic | Fight, freeze, or flight
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| Parasympathetic | Rest and digest
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| The Enteric Nervous System is the what? | The brain of the gut
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| What does the Enteric Plexuses monitor? | Stretching and chemical changes in the GI tract
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| Enteric motor neurons govern what? | GI contraction and controls secretions
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| What are the functions of the Nervous System? | Sensory, Integrative, and Motor
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| The sensory function in the Nervous System are what? | Affectors to the brain and spinal cord that detect internal and external stimuli
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| The integrative function in the Nervous System do what? | Process sensory and make appropriate decision
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| The motor function in the Nervous System are what? | Effectors to muscles and glands that cause contraction or secretion
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| Cell Types on the Nervous System | Neurons and Neuroglia
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| Neurons are | Functional units of the nervous system
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| Neuroglia | Greatly outnumber neurons, the "glue" that supports and maintains the neuronal networks
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| Neurons use what? | Action Potential that help electrical excitability
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| 3 parts of a Neuron | Cell body, Dendrites, and Axon
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| The cell body is the what? | Command center
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| The cell body contains what? | The nucleus and organelles, neurofibrils, microtubules, Nissle bodies (RER)
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| The dendrites is the what? | Receiver
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| The dendrites receive what? | Input from outside the nerve
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| The axon is the what? | Messenger
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| The axons does what? | Propagates nerve impulses towards another neuron, the motor end plate of a muscle fiber, or towards a gland cell
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| What is the end of an axon? | Synaptic Terminal
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| The Synapse is what? | The site of communication between two neurons or between neuron and an effector cell
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| The 3 parts of the Synapse | Synaptic Terminal, Synaptic Vesicles and Neurotransmitter
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| The Synaptic Terminal is the what? | End of the axon terminal
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| The Synaptic Vesicles contain what? | The neurotransmitter chemicals
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| The Neurotransmitter does what? | Excites or Inhibits another neuron
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| Presynaptic Cell | The giver of information that ends at the synaptic bulb
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| Presynaptic cell releases what into the synaptic cleft? | Neurotransmitter
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| Postsynaptic Cell | The receiver of information that has receptors for neurotransmitter
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| Calcium enters what cell? | Presynaptic Cell
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| Sodium enters what cell when ACh bonds to receptors? | Postsynaptic Cell
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| The functional classes of neurons | Sensory, Motor and Interneuron
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| Sensory Neurons are | Afferent
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| Motor Neurons are | Efferent
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| Interneuron Neurons does what? | Processes information between sensory and motor neurons in spine
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| Myelination is what? | A sheath that electrically insulates the axons of the neurons
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| Nodes of Ravier are what? | Gaps in the myelin sheath of PNS axons
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| Saltatory Conduction does what? | Increases conduction velocity due to exhange of ions and regeneration of signal at each node
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| Neuroglia makes up half of what? | The CNS
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| Neuroglia can do what? | Multiply and Divide
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| Neuroglia support what? | Neurons with nutrients
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| Astrocytes form what? | The blood brain barrier (BBB)
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| Oligodendrocytes form and maintain what? | Myelin sheath on CNS axons
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| The myelin sheath is what? | Fat and protein covering around the axons
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| Microglia do what? | Removes cell debris
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| Ependymal cells do what? | Produce cerebrospinal fluid in brain ventricles and spinal canal
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| Schwann cells | Form the myelin Sheath around PNS axons
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| The CNS has what cells? | Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal Cells
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| The PNS has what cells? | Schwanna Cells
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| Ganglion | A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
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| Nucleus | A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
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| Nerves | A bundle of axons located in the PNS
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| Tract | A cluster of axons in the CNS
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| Gray Matter | Covers the largest portions of the brain
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| White Matter | Myelinated axons
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| Upper Motor Neuron Injury | Not Fixable, motor neuron in the brain or spinal cord, no myelin sheath
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| Lower Motor Neuron Injury | Fixable, motor neuron in the cranial or spinal nerves, has myelin sheath
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| Membrane Potentials | An electrical voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane
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| What are the types of potentials? | Resting membrane potential, graded potentials, and action potentials
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| Graded potentials | Summaries of Strength
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| Action potentials | All or none firing of signal
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| Resting Membrane Potential | Small buildup of negative ions and equal buildup of positive ions
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| 2 types of polarization | Hyperpolarized and depolarized
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| Hyperpolarized | Cell membrane more negative inside, will not fire an action potential
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| Depolarized | Cell membrane more positive inside, will fire an action potential
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| 4 different types Membrane Receptors | Photoreceptors, Auditory hair cells, Mechanoreceptors, Olfactory and taste receptors
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| Graded Potentials | Happens at the dendrites and cell body of a neuron
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| Summation | Add graded potentials together
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| 4 important ions | Sodium, Potassium, Chloride and Calcium
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| Sodium | Much higher outside cell
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| Potassium | Mucher higher inside cell
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| Chloride | Low inside cell, resting negative state
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| Calcium | Low inside cell, excitatory state
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| Impulse conduction | Conducts a nerve impulse along its axon and responds by releasing neurotransmitters
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| Neurons connect to 3 things: | Another neuron, muscle, and gland
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| Action Potentials are | A message to another nerve, muscle, or gland
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| 6 Steps of an Action Potential | Rest, Depolarizing, Propagation, Repolarizing, Sodium/Potassium Pump, Refractory
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| Saltatory conduction | Fast, long distances, nodes of ranvier and myelinated axons only
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| Unmyelinated | Continuous conduction
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| Myelinated | Saltatory conduction
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| Factors affecting Propagation Speed | Amount of myelination, Axon diameter and temperature
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| 3 Nerve Fiber Classes | A fibers, B fibers, and C fibers
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| A fibers | Largest, Myelinated, Fastest, Deep pressure/vibration
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| B fibers | Middle Sized, Autonomic motor neurons
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| C fibers | Smallest, Slowest, Unmyelinated, Noxious pain
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| Hormones | Messenger chemicals that have an effect far from the cell that released it, long term effects, heads toward target cells
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| Neurotransmitters | Vesicles dock and fuse with membrane, short and fact effect, and can be excitatory or inhibitory
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| 3 Neurotransmitter Clearances | Diffusion, Enzymatic Degradion, Re-uptake by cells
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