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Nervous System
A&P Chapter 12 Dr.Cutler
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nervous System keeps what? | Controlled conditions within limits that maintain life |
| The nervous system uses what? | Nerve impulses to respond to change |
| What is the nervous systems counterpoint? | The endocrine system (hormones) |
| The nervous system initates what? | All voluntary movement |
| What is Neurology? | The normal function and disorders of the nervous system |
| What do Neurologists do? | Diagnosis and treat all Nervous System disorders |
| What are the 2 different Nervous Systems? | Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| The CNS is only connected to the what? | The brain and spinal cord |
| What is the PNS connected to? | All the nervous tissue outside of the brain and the spinal cord |
| The CNS processes incoming what? | Sensory Information |
| What is the source of thoughts, emotions and memories and the origin of impulses to muscles and glands? | The Central Nervous System |
| Sensory In and Motor Out refers to what nervous system? | Central Nervous System |
| The 3 components of the PNS | Nerves, Ganglia, and Enteric Plexus (guts) |
| The 2 divisions of the PNS | Somatic Division and the Autonomic Division |
| Nerves in the PNS are what? | Bundles of axons outside the brain or spinal cord that transmit electrical impulses to and from the brain |
| How many pairs of Cranial Nerves are in the PNS? | 12 pairs |
| How many pairs of Spinal Nerves are in the PNS? | 31 pairs |
| Ganglia in the PNS are what? | Neuron cell bodies that are small masses of nerve cell tissue outside the brain and spinal cord |
| Where are the ganglia closely tied to? | Cranial and spinal nerve pairs |
| Enteric Plexus in the PNS are what? | Networks/bundles of neurons in the walls of the GI tract to regulate digestion |
| The Enteric Nervous System is what? | Its own system |
| Somatic does what? | Controls the body and is voluntary |
| Autonomic does what? | Controls involuntary functions like sweating, heartbeat, and fight or flight response |
| Motor Neurons in the Somatic Nervous System do what? | Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles |
| Sensory Neurons in the Somatic Nervous System do what? | Conduct senses from the head, body and limbs to the CNS |
| The sensory division in the Autonomic Nervous System are what? | Receptors in viscera (organs) |
| The motor division in the Autonomic Nervous System are what? | Neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
| The 2 divisons of the Motor Divison in the Autonomic Nervous System | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic | Fight, freeze, or flight |
| Parasympathetic | Rest and digest |
| The Enteric Nervous System is the what? | The brain of the gut |
| What does the Enteric Plexuses monitor? | Stretching and chemical changes in the GI tract |
| Enteric motor neurons govern what? | GI contraction and controls secretions |
| What are the functions of the Nervous System? | Sensory, Integrative, and Motor |
| The sensory function in the Nervous System are what? | Affectors to the brain and spinal cord that detect internal and external stimuli |
| The integrative function in the Nervous System do what? | Process sensory and make appropriate decision |
| The motor function in the Nervous System are what? | Effectors to muscles and glands that cause contraction or secretion |
| Cell Types on the Nervous System | Neurons and Neuroglia |
| Neurons are | Functional units of the nervous system |
| Neuroglia | Greatly outnumber neurons, the "glue" that supports and maintains the neuronal networks |
| Neurons use what? | Action Potential that help electrical excitability |
| 3 parts of a Neuron | Cell body, Dendrites, and Axon |
| The cell body is the what? | Command center |
| The cell body contains what? | The nucleus and organelles, neurofibrils, microtubules, Nissle bodies (RER) |
| The dendrites is the what? | Receiver |
| The dendrites receive what? | Input from outside the nerve |
| The axon is the what? | Messenger |
| The axons does what? | Propagates nerve impulses towards another neuron, the motor end plate of a muscle fiber, or towards a gland cell |
| What is the end of an axon? | Synaptic Terminal |
| The Synapse is what? | The site of communication between two neurons or between neuron and an effector cell |
| The 3 parts of the Synapse | Synaptic Terminal, Synaptic Vesicles and Neurotransmitter |
| The Synaptic Terminal is the what? | End of the axon terminal |
| The Synaptic Vesicles contain what? | The neurotransmitter chemicals |
| The Neurotransmitter does what? | Excites or Inhibits another neuron |
| Presynaptic Cell | The giver of information that ends at the synaptic bulb |
| Presynaptic cell releases what into the synaptic cleft? | Neurotransmitter |
| Postsynaptic Cell | The receiver of information that has receptors for neurotransmitter |
| Calcium enters what cell? | Presynaptic Cell |
| Sodium enters what cell when ACh bonds to receptors? | Postsynaptic Cell |
| The functional classes of neurons | Sensory, Motor and Interneuron |
| Sensory Neurons are | Afferent |
| Motor Neurons are | Efferent |
| Interneuron Neurons does what? | Processes information between sensory and motor neurons in spine |
| Myelination is what? | A sheath that electrically insulates the axons of the neurons |
| Nodes of Ravier are what? | Gaps in the myelin sheath of PNS axons |
| Saltatory Conduction does what? | Increases conduction velocity due to exhange of ions and regeneration of signal at each node |
| Neuroglia makes up half of what? | The CNS |
| Neuroglia can do what? | Multiply and Divide |
| Neuroglia support what? | Neurons with nutrients |
| Astrocytes form what? | The blood brain barrier (BBB) |
| Oligodendrocytes form and maintain what? | Myelin sheath on CNS axons |
| The myelin sheath is what? | Fat and protein covering around the axons |
| Microglia do what? | Removes cell debris |
| Ependymal cells do what? | Produce cerebrospinal fluid in brain ventricles and spinal canal |
| Schwann cells | Form the myelin Sheath around PNS axons |
| The CNS has what cells? | Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal Cells |
| The PNS has what cells? | Schwanna Cells |
| Ganglion | A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS |
| Nucleus | A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the CNS |
| Nerves | A bundle of axons located in the PNS |
| Tract | A cluster of axons in the CNS |
| Gray Matter | Covers the largest portions of the brain |
| White Matter | Myelinated axons |
| Upper Motor Neuron Injury | Not Fixable, motor neuron in the brain or spinal cord, no myelin sheath |
| Lower Motor Neuron Injury | Fixable, motor neuron in the cranial or spinal nerves, has myelin sheath |
| Membrane Potentials | An electrical voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane |
| What are the types of potentials? | Resting membrane potential, graded potentials, and action potentials |
| Graded potentials | Summaries of Strength |
| Action potentials | All or none firing of signal |
| Resting Membrane Potential | Small buildup of negative ions and equal buildup of positive ions |
| 2 types of polarization | Hyperpolarized and depolarized |
| Hyperpolarized | Cell membrane more negative inside, will not fire an action potential |
| Depolarized | Cell membrane more positive inside, will fire an action potential |
| 4 different types Membrane Receptors | Photoreceptors, Auditory hair cells, Mechanoreceptors, Olfactory and taste receptors |
| Graded Potentials | Happens at the dendrites and cell body of a neuron |
| Summation | Add graded potentials together |
| 4 important ions | Sodium, Potassium, Chloride and Calcium |
| Sodium | Much higher outside cell |
| Potassium | Mucher higher inside cell |
| Chloride | Low inside cell, resting negative state |
| Calcium | Low inside cell, excitatory state |
| Impulse conduction | Conducts a nerve impulse along its axon and responds by releasing neurotransmitters |
| Neurons connect to 3 things: | Another neuron, muscle, and gland |
| Action Potentials are | A message to another nerve, muscle, or gland |
| 6 Steps of an Action Potential | Rest, Depolarizing, Propagation, Repolarizing, Sodium/Potassium Pump, Refractory |
| Saltatory conduction | Fast, long distances, nodes of ranvier and myelinated axons only |
| Unmyelinated | Continuous conduction |
| Myelinated | Saltatory conduction |
| Factors affecting Propagation Speed | Amount of myelination, Axon diameter and temperature |
| 3 Nerve Fiber Classes | A fibers, B fibers, and C fibers |
| A fibers | Largest, Myelinated, Fastest, Deep pressure/vibration |
| B fibers | Middle Sized, Autonomic motor neurons |
| C fibers | Smallest, Slowest, Unmyelinated, Noxious pain |
| Hormones | Messenger chemicals that have an effect far from the cell that released it, long term effects, heads toward target cells |
| Neurotransmitters | Vesicles dock and fuse with membrane, short and fact effect, and can be excitatory or inhibitory |
| 3 Neurotransmitter Clearances | Diffusion, Enzymatic Degradion, Re-uptake by cells |
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