Respiratory System
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| adenoid hypertrophy | Increased development
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| adenoidectomy | Removal of the adenoids
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| adenoids | Small masses of lymphatic tissue in the throat, close to the nasal (nose) passageway.
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| alveolar | Pertaining to the alveolus
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| alveolus (plural: alveoli) | An individualized section of an air sac in the lung.
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| anosmia | Loss of the sense of smell.
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| anthracosis | Abnormal condition of coal dust in the lungs; black lung disease.
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| apex of the lung | Uppermost portion of the lung.
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| apical | Pertaining to the tip of an organ.
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| apnea | Without breathing.
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| asbestosis | Abnormal condition of asbestos fiber particles in the lungs.
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| asphyxia | Deficient oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
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| asthma | Chronic inflammation disorder characterized by airway obstruction and caused by bronchial edema, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production.
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| atelectasis | Collapsed lung.
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| auscultation | Listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope.
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| bacilli | Rod-shaped bacteria that are the cause of tuberculosis.
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| base of the lung | The lower portion of the lung.
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| bronchial alveolar lavage | Irrigation or washing of a bronchus by injecting fluid through a bronchoscope and then removing it to analyze the content.
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| bronchiectasis | Abnormal widening bronchial tubes.
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| bronchioles | Small bronchial tubes.
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| bronchiolitis | Inflammation of the bronchiole.
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| bronchodilator | Agent that dilates (widens) blood vessels and relieves bronchospasm.
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| bronchoscopy | Visual examination of the bronchial tubes using an endoscope or bronchoscope.
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| bronchospasm | Involuntary muscular contractions in bronchial tubes leading to the narrowing of the bronchi.
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| bronchus | Branch of the trachea that leads toward the air sacs of the lung.
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| carbon dioxide | Gas produced in tissue cells when oxygen and food combine.
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| chest tomograms | Series of x-ray images that reveal the chest in-depth (layers or sections of the lung).
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| chronic bronchitis | Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long period of time.
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| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Lung and bronchial tube conditions that block and damage airways and persist over a long period of time. Examples are chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
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| cilia | Thin hairs that line the nasal passageway and tubes of the respiratory tract.
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| computed tomography of the chest | Computer generated x-ray images showing thoracic structures in cross-section.
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| cor pulmonale | Enlargement of the right side of the heart due to lung disease.
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| croup | Acute viral infection
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| cyanosis | Abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin.
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| cystic fibrosis | Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in mucous secretions that do drain normally.
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| diaphragm | Muscle that separates the chest and abdomen; aids breathing.
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| diphtheria | Acute infection of the throat caused by diphtheria bacteria; characterized by formation of a thick membrane that obstructs the throat and breathing.
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| dysphonia | Abnormal voice or sound produced by speaking.
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| dyspnea | Difficult breathing.
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| emphysema | Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls.
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| empyema | Pus in the pleural space (cavity) surrounding the lung.
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| endotracheal intubation | Tube is place through the mouth and throat into the trachea to establish an airway.
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| epiglottis | Thin piece of cartilage that covers the entrance to the voice box and windpipe when a person is swallowing.
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| epiglottitis | Inflammation of the epiglottis.
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| epistaxis | Nosebleed.
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| expectoration | Coughing up mucus or sputum from the throat and respiratory tract.
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| expiration | Process of breathing out or exhalation.
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| exudate | Fluid, cells, or other substances that slowly leave cells or capillaries through pores or breaks in cell membranes.
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| glottis | Slit-like opening between the vocal folds of the larynx.
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| hemoptysis | Spitting up blood form the respiratory tract.
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| hemothorax | Blood in the chest (pleural cavity) surrounding the lungs.
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| hilar | Pertaining to the hilum.
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| hilum of the lung | Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs.
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| hydrothorax | Water or fluid that accumulates in the pleural space surrounding the lungs.
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| hypercapnia | Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
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| hypernea | Increase in breathing rate.
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| hypoxia | Deficiency of oxygen in tissues.
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| infiltrate | fluid-filled area within the lungs as seen on a chest x-ray or CT scan.
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| inspiration | Act of breathing in or inhalation.
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| laryngeal | Pertaining to the larynx or voice box.
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| laryngitis | Inflammation of the larynx or voice box.
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| laryngoscopy | Endoscopic visual examination of the larynx.
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| laryngospasm | Involuntary contraction of muscles surrounding the voice box.
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| larynx | Voice box.
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| lobectomy | Removal of a lobe or section of an organ, such as the lung.
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| lung biopsy | Surgical removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination of cells.
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| lung cancer | Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchial tubes.
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| magnetic resonance imaging of the chest | Magnetic waves are used to produce images of the chest in all three planes of the body.
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| mediastinoscopy | Endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum.
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| mediastinum | Part of the thoracic (chest) cavity between the lungs.
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| mesothelioma | Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura and associated with asbestos exposure.
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| nasogastric intubation | Placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach.
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| obstructive lung disease | Narrowed airways result in resistance to airflow during breathing. Examples are asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, and cystic fibrosis.
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| orthopnea | Breathing is only comfortable when a patient is in an upright position.
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| oxygen | Gas inhaled and entering the bloodstream through the lungs; in makes up 21 percent of the air.
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| palatine tonsil | One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue at the back of the mouth (oral pharynx).
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| palliative | Relieving symptoms, but not curative.
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| paranasal sinus | One of a pair of air cavities in the bones near the nose.
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| parietal pleura | Outer layer of the pleura lying closest to the chest wall.
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| paroxysmal | Pertaining to sudden occurrence.
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| percussion | Tapping on the surface to determine the underlying structure.
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| pertussis | Whooping cough; bacterial infection of the throat, larynx, and trachea.
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| pharyngeal | Pertaining to the throat or pharynx.
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| pharynx | Throat.
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| phrenic nerve | Carries impulses to the diaphragm from the brain.
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| pleura | Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.
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| pleural cavity | Space between the pleura surrounding each lung.
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| pleural effusion | Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.
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| pleural rub | Scratchy sound produced by inflamed or irritated pleural surfaces rubbing against each other.
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| pleurisy | Inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis.
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| pleurodynia | Pain associated with the pleura.
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| pneumoconiosis | Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs.
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| pneumonectomy | Removal of a lung.
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| pneumonia | Acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli, which fill with pus, and products of inflammation.
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| pneumothorax | Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity between the pleura and surrounding the lungs.
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| positron emission tomography of the lung | Radioactive substance is injected into a patient and the images reveal the metabolic activity in the lung for diagnosis of malignant tumors.
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| pulmonary | Pertaining to the lungs.
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| pulmonary abscess | Collection of pus in the lungs.
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| pulmonary edema | Collection of fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles of the lung.
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| pulmonary embolism | Clot or material from a distant vein that blocks a blood vessel in the lung.
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| pulmonary fibrosis | Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lung.
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| pulmonary function test | Tests that measure the ventilation (breathing) mechanics of the lung.
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| pulmonary infarction | Area of dead tissue in the lung.
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| pulmonary parenchyma | Essential parts of the lungs responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli.
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| purulent | Pus-filled; forming or containing pus.
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| pyothorax | Pus collection in the pleural cavity.
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| rales | Abnormal, fine, crackling sounds heard on the auscultaion where there is fluid in the alveoli.
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| respiration | Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) at the lung capillaries (external respiration) and at the tissue capillaries (internal respiration).
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| restrictive lung disease | A condition in which lung expansion is limited by diseases that affect the chest wall, pleura or lung tissue itself. Examples are pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage, and pneumoconiosis.
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| rhinoplasty | Surgical repair of the nose.
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| rhinorrhea | Discharge of mucus from the nose.
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| rhonchi | Loud, rumbling sounds heard of auscultation of bronchi that are obstructed by sputum.
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| sarcoidosis | Chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause in which small nodules or tubercles develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs.
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| silicosis | Silica glass dust collects in the lungs; a type of pneumoconiosis.
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| sinusitis | Inflammation of paranasal sinuses.
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| spirometer | An instrument to measure breathing.
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| sputum | Material expelled from the chest by coughing or by clearing the throat phlegm.
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| sputum culture | Sputum is collected and placed in a growth medium to analyze the type of microorganisms that may be present.
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| stridor | Strained, high pitched noisy breathing associated with obstruction of the larynx or trachea.
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| tachypnea | Excessively fast breathing.
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| thoracentesis | Surgical puncture to remove fluid build up from the chest.
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| thoracic | Pertaining to the chest.
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| thoracoscopy | Visual examination of the chest using small incision and an endoscope.
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| thoracotomy | Incision of the chest.
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| tonsilectomy | Removal of the tonsils.
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| trachea | Windpipe; tubes leading from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchial tubes.
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| tracheal stenosis | Narrowing of the trachea.
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| tracheostomy | New opening of the trachea to the outside of the body.
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| tracheotomy | Incision into the trachea.
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| tube thoracostomy | Chest tube is passed through an opening in the skin of the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion.
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| tuberculliin test | Determines past or present exposure to tuberculosis based on a positive skin test.
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| tuberculosis | Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lungs are usually involved but other organs may be affected.
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| ventilation-perfusion scan | Radioactive test of lung ventilation and blood perfusion throughout the lung capillaries (lung scan).
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| visceral pleura | Innermost membrane of the pleura, lying closest to the lung tissue itself.
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| wheeze | Continuous high-pitched whistling sound when air is forced through a narrow space during inspiration or expiration.
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| adenoid/o | adenoids
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| alveol/o | alveolus, air sac
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| bronch/o, bronchi/o | bronchial tube, bronchus
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| bronchiol/o | bronchiole, small bronchus
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| capn/o | carbon dioxide
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| coni/o | dust
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| cyan/o | blue
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| epiglott/o | epiglottis
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| laryng/o | larynx, voice box
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| lob/o | lobe of the lung
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| mediastin/o | mediastinum
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| nas/o | nose
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| orth/o | straight, upright
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| ox/o | oxygen
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| pector/o | chest
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| pharyng/o | pharynx, throat
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| phon/o | voice
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| phren/o | diaphragm
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| pleur/o | pleura
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| pneum/o, pneumon/o | air, lung
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| pulmon/o | lung
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| rhin/o | nose
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| sinus/o | sinus, cavity
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| spir/o | breathing
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| tel/o | complete
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| thorac/o | chest
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| tonsill/o | tonisils
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| trache/o | trachea, windpipe
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| -ema | condition
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| -osmia | smell
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| -pnea | breathing
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| -ptysis | spitting
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| -sphyxia | pulse
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| -thorax | pleural cavity, chest
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