2018 Medical Coding Training: CPC
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| PRN | Pro Re Nata
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| Pro re nata | when necessary
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| Superior | above
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| Inferior | below
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| Integumentary System | skin, hair, nails
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| Epidermis | the top layer of skin
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| Dermis | the bottom layer of skin
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| Subcutaneous layer | the fatty tissue layer just beneath the skin
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| Nail root | the part of the nail that extends into the skin
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| Nail bed | the area the nail lays on, extending from the lunula to the hyponichium
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| Nail plate | the translucent layer over the top of the nail made up of keratin
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| Epinichium | the cuticle
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| Perionchium | the skin around the nail
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| Subungual | under the nail
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| Musculoskeletal system | made up of bones, muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments, providing movement, strength, form, protection, and heat
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| Bone classification | 1. Long (tubular) - longer than they are wide
2. Short (cuboidal) - shaped like a cube
3. Sesamoid - shaped like a sesame seed
4. Flat - cross-section is flat
5. Irregular - bones that do not fit in other categories
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| Cartilage | a flexible connective tissue that is non-vascular; a matrix made of chondrocytes, collagen, and cells
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| Joints (articulating surfaces) | synonymous, provide connection between two or more parts of the skeleton
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| Axial skeleton | skull, spine, ribs, sternum, and sacrum
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| Appendicular skeleton | shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and extremities
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| Skeletal/Striated muscles | move the skeleton, attached by tendons
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| Cardiac muscle | the heart muscle
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| Smooth muscle | found in the walls of hollow organs of the body; examples are the esophagus and bladder
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| Cardiovascular system | made up of the heart and blood vessels
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| Circulation | pulmonary and systemic
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| The 3 layers of the heart | 1. Epicardium - outer lining
2. Endocardium - inner lining
3. Myocardium - main heart muscle
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| Pericardial sac | a fluid-filled sac in which the heart sits
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| The 3 types of blood vessels | 1. Arteries - take blood away from the heart
2. Veins - take blood back to the heart
3. Capillaries - exchange fluids, oxygen, nutrients, and waste between local tissues and the bloodstream
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| Lymphatic system | made up of lymph vessels and nodes; collect excess fluid from interstitial spaces and return it to the heart using a series of valves
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| Lymphoid organs | spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyer's patches
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| Respiratory/Pulmonary system | includes nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli
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| Esophagus | a feeding tube that joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice
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| Fundus | the rounded, upper portion of the stomach
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| Body (of the stomach) | the main portion of the stomach
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| Pyloric Antrum | the lower portion of the stomach
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| The 3 sections of the small intestine | 1. Duodenum - the first 1/3
2. Jejunum - the second 1/3
3. Ileum - the distal 1/3
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| Large intestine | begins just after the ileocecal valve at the cecum, with the appendix attached at the bottom, then the colon, rectum, and anal canal
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| The 4 portions of the colon | 1. Ascending colon - proceeds from the ileocecal valve upwards to the hepatic flexure
2. Transverse colon - the ascending colon turns horizontally and then goes back downwards
3. Descending colon - gives way to the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum
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| Urinary system | include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra
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| External female genetalia | vulva, labia majora and minora, clitoris, introitus opening that leads into the vaginal canal, Skene's glands, and Bartholin's glands
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| Internal female genetalia | vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries
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| External male genetalia | testes, epididymis, scrotum, and penis
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| Internal male genetalia | prostate gland, seminal vesicles, Cowper's glands, Vas Deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
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| The 3 general functions of the nervous system | 1. Sensory
2. Integrative
3. Motor
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| Nervous system | helps us to feel, think, remember, move, and be aware of the world around us; functions as central operator and central intelligence for the body
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| The 2 groups of the nervous system | 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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| Nervous system's functions | regulates body function, provides for an internal method of communication, regulates subconscious body functions, and sends signals when hot, cold, or sharp objects are encountered
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| The 3 layers of the eye | 1. Retina (nervous)
2. Choroid (vascular)
3. Sclera (fibrous)
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| The 2 segments of the eye, divided by the Crystalline Lens | 1. Anterior segment - filled with aqueous humor, responsible for intraocular pressure
2. Posterior segment - filled with vitreous humor, prevents the eyeball from collapsing
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| Red blood cells, erythrocytes | contain hemoglobin that enables the cells to pick up and deliver oxygen to all parts of the body
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| White cells, leukocytes | are the body's primary defense against infection
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| Platelets, thrombocytes | form clusters to plug small holes in blood vessels and assist in the clotting process
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| The 2 cell types of the immune system (both are lymphocytes) | 1. B-cells - created and mature in bone marrow, get activated and produce antibodies that attach to the surface of the infectious agent.
2. T-cells - identify infectious agents and directly attack them.
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| Other types of white blood cells used by the body for protection | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
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| Antigens | elicit an immune response in the body, and enter the body from the external environment
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| The 3 types of antigens | 1. Inhaled macromolecules
2. Ingested macromolecules
3. Molecules introduced beneath the skin
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