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Chapter 02 MedCoding
2018 Medical Coding Training: CPC
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| PRN | Pro Re Nata |
| Pro re nata | when necessary |
| Superior | above |
| Inferior | below |
| Integumentary System | skin, hair, nails |
| Epidermis | the top layer of skin |
| Dermis | the bottom layer of skin |
| Subcutaneous layer | the fatty tissue layer just beneath the skin |
| Nail root | the part of the nail that extends into the skin |
| Nail bed | the area the nail lays on, extending from the lunula to the hyponichium |
| Nail plate | the translucent layer over the top of the nail made up of keratin |
| Epinichium | the cuticle |
| Perionchium | the skin around the nail |
| Subungual | under the nail |
| Musculoskeletal system | made up of bones, muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments, providing movement, strength, form, protection, and heat |
| Bone classification | 1. Long (tubular) - longer than they are wide 2. Short (cuboidal) - shaped like a cube 3. Sesamoid - shaped like a sesame seed 4. Flat - cross-section is flat 5. Irregular - bones that do not fit in other categories |
| Cartilage | a flexible connective tissue that is non-vascular; a matrix made of chondrocytes, collagen, and cells |
| Joints (articulating surfaces) | synonymous, provide connection between two or more parts of the skeleton |
| Axial skeleton | skull, spine, ribs, sternum, and sacrum |
| Appendicular skeleton | shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and extremities |
| Skeletal/Striated muscles | move the skeleton, attached by tendons |
| Cardiac muscle | the heart muscle |
| Smooth muscle | found in the walls of hollow organs of the body; examples are the esophagus and bladder |
| Cardiovascular system | made up of the heart and blood vessels |
| Circulation | pulmonary and systemic |
| The 3 layers of the heart | 1. Epicardium - outer lining 2. Endocardium - inner lining 3. Myocardium - main heart muscle |
| Pericardial sac | a fluid-filled sac in which the heart sits |
| The 3 types of blood vessels | 1. Arteries - take blood away from the heart 2. Veins - take blood back to the heart 3. Capillaries - exchange fluids, oxygen, nutrients, and waste between local tissues and the bloodstream |
| Lymphatic system | made up of lymph vessels and nodes; collect excess fluid from interstitial spaces and return it to the heart using a series of valves |
| Lymphoid organs | spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyer's patches |
| Respiratory/Pulmonary system | includes nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli |
| Esophagus | a feeding tube that joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice |
| Fundus | the rounded, upper portion of the stomach |
| Body (of the stomach) | the main portion of the stomach |
| Pyloric Antrum | the lower portion of the stomach |
| The 3 sections of the small intestine | 1. Duodenum - the first 1/3 2. Jejunum - the second 1/3 3. Ileum - the distal 1/3 |
| Large intestine | begins just after the ileocecal valve at the cecum, with the appendix attached at the bottom, then the colon, rectum, and anal canal |
| The 4 portions of the colon | 1. Ascending colon - proceeds from the ileocecal valve upwards to the hepatic flexure 2. Transverse colon - the ascending colon turns horizontally and then goes back downwards 3. Descending colon - gives way to the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum |
| Urinary system | include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra |
| External female genetalia | vulva, labia majora and minora, clitoris, introitus opening that leads into the vaginal canal, Skene's glands, and Bartholin's glands |
| Internal female genetalia | vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries |
| External male genetalia | testes, epididymis, scrotum, and penis |
| Internal male genetalia | prostate gland, seminal vesicles, Cowper's glands, Vas Deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra |
| The 3 general functions of the nervous system | 1. Sensory 2. Integrative 3. Motor |
| Nervous system | helps us to feel, think, remember, move, and be aware of the world around us; functions as central operator and central intelligence for the body |
| The 2 groups of the nervous system | 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
| Nervous system's functions | regulates body function, provides for an internal method of communication, regulates subconscious body functions, and sends signals when hot, cold, or sharp objects are encountered |
| The 3 layers of the eye | 1. Retina (nervous) 2. Choroid (vascular) 3. Sclera (fibrous) |
| The 2 segments of the eye, divided by the Crystalline Lens | 1. Anterior segment - filled with aqueous humor, responsible for intraocular pressure 2. Posterior segment - filled with vitreous humor, prevents the eyeball from collapsing |
| Red blood cells, erythrocytes | contain hemoglobin that enables the cells to pick up and deliver oxygen to all parts of the body |
| White cells, leukocytes | are the body's primary defense against infection |
| Platelets, thrombocytes | form clusters to plug small holes in blood vessels and assist in the clotting process |
| The 2 cell types of the immune system (both are lymphocytes) | 1. B-cells - created and mature in bone marrow, get activated and produce antibodies that attach to the surface of the infectious agent. 2. T-cells - identify infectious agents and directly attack them. |
| Other types of white blood cells used by the body for protection | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils |
| Antigens | elicit an immune response in the body, and enter the body from the external environment |
| The 3 types of antigens | 1. Inhaled macromolecules 2. Ingested macromolecules 3. Molecules introduced beneath the skin |
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