MBC 100 The Language of Medicine, Ch. 10 Med Term
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| acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.
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| afferent nerves | Carry nervous impulses toward the brain and spinal cord; sensory nerves.
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| akinetic | Pertaining to loss or absence of voluntary movement.
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| analgesia | Absence of sensitivity to pain.
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| anencephaly | Congenital condition of partial or complete absence of brain matter.
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| anesthesia | Absence of nervous feeling or sensation. (numb)
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| aphasia | Inability to speak; language function is impaired due to injury to the cerebral cortex.
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| apraxia | Inability to perform purposeful acts or manipulate objects.
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| arachnoid membrane | Middle layer of meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| astrocyte | Glial (neuroglial) cell that transports salts and water from capillaries.
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| ataxia | Without coordination.
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| autonomic nervous system | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.
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| axon | Microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell.
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| blood-brain barrier | Blood vessels that let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.
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| bradykinesia | Slow movement.
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| brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord.
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| cauda equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.
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| causalgia | Intense burning pain, often resulting from injury to a peripheral nerve.
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| cell body | Part of the nerve cell (neuron) that contains the nucleus.
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| central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord.
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| cephalgia | Head pain; headache.
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| cerebellar | Pertaining to the cerebellum.
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| cerbellopontine | Pertaining to the cerebellum and pons.
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| cerebellum | Part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.
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| cerebral cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum.
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| cerebrospinal fluid | Clear, watery fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
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| cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory, among other functions.
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| coma | State of unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be aroused.
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| comatose | Pertaining to a coma.
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| cranial nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain.
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| dendrite | Microscopic branching portion of a nerve cell; first part of the nerve cell to receive the nervous impulse.
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| dura mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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| dyslexia | Difficulty in reading, writing, and learning.
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| dyskinesia | Impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements.
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| efferent nerves | Carry messages away from the brain and the spinal cord; motor nerves.
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| encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain.
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| encephalopathy | Disease of the brain.
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| ependymal cell | A glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form the cerebrospinal fluid.
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| epidural hematoma | Collection of blood located above the dura mater.
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| ganglion | Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system; plural is ganglia.
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| glial cell | Nervous system cell that is supportive and connective in function.
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| glioblastoma | Rapidly growing malignant tumor of the brain.
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| gyrus;gyri | Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebrum.
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| hemiparesis | Slight paralysis of the right or left half of the body.
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| hemiplegia | Paralysis of the right or left half of the body.
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| hypalgesia | Diminished sensitivity to pain.
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| hyperesthesia | Excessive sensitivity or feeling, especially of the skin in response to touch or pain.
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| hyperkinesis | Excessive movement.
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| hypothalamus | Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones.
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| intrathecal | Pertaining to within the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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| leptomeningitis | Inflammation of the two thinner membranes (arachnoid and pia mater) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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| medulla oblongata | Lower part of the brain, closest to the spinal cord; controls breathing heartbeat, and size of blood vessels.
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| meningeal | Pertaining to the meninges.
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| meninges | Three membranes surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.
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| meningioma | Tumor (benign) of the meninges.
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| microglial cell | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.
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| midbrain | The uppermost portion of the brainstem.
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| motor nerves | Carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles.
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| myelin sheath | Fatty, white covering over the axon of a nerve cell.
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| myelomeningocele | Congenital hernia (protrusion) of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect (gap) in the vertebral column. This defect is often associated with spina bifida.
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| myelopathy | Disease of the spinal cord.
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| myoneural | Pertaining to muscle and nerve.
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| narcolepsy | Sudden seizures of sleep.
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| nerve | Macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses.
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| neuralgia | Nerve pain.
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| neurasthenia | Lack of strength in nerves; a feeling of weakness and exhaustion.
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| neuroglial cells | Supporting cells (stroma) of the nervous system.
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| neuron | Nerve cell.
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| neuropathy | Disease of nerves; primarily in the peripheral nervous system.
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| neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell.
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| oligodendroglial cell | Glial (neuroglial) cell that forms the myelin sheath covering the axon of a neuron.
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| paraplegia | Paralysis of the lower part of the body and both legs.
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| parasympathetic nerves | Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions, such as heart rate, breathing, and the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
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| paranchyma | Essential, functioning cells of any organ. Neurons (nerve cells) are this part of the nervous system.
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| peresis | Slight paralysis.
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| paresthesia | Abnormal nervous sensation occurring without apparent cause.
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| peripheral nervous system | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
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| pia mater | Thin, delicate, and innermost membrane of the meninges.
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| plexus | Network of nerves outside of the central nervous system; brachial, cervical, and lumbosacral are examples.
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| poliomyelitis | Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
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| polyneuritis | Inflammation of many nerves.
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| pons | Part of the brainstem anterior to the cerebellum, between the medulla and the rest of the brain. It connects the upper and lower portions of the brain.
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| quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs; both arms and both legs.
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| radiculitis | Inflammation of a spinal nerve root.
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| receptor | Organ that receives nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves that carry the stimulation to the brain and spinal cord; skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds.
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| sciatic nerve | Extends from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.
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| sciatica | Painful inflammation along the course of the sciatic nerve.
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| sensory nerves | Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerves.
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| spinal nerves | Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each one affects a particular are of the skin.
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| stimulus | Agent of change (light, sound, and touch) that evokes a response.
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| stroma | Connective and supportive tissue of an organ.
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| subdural hematoma | Collection of blood in the space below the dura mater surrounding the brain.
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| sulcus; sulci | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerbral cortex; fissure.
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| sympathetic nerves | Autonomic nerves that activate responses in times of stress; heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure are affected.
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| synapse | Space between nerve cells or between nerve cells and muscle and glandular cells.
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| syncopal | Pertaining to syncope (fainting).
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| syncope | Fainting; temporary loss of consciousness.
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| thalamic | Pertaining to the thalamus.
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| trigeminal neuralgia | Flashes of stab like pain along the course of a branch of the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve). This nerve branches to the eye, upper jaw and lower jaw.
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| vagal | Pertaining to the vagus nerve.
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| vagus nerve | Tenth cranial nerve with branches to the chest and abdominal organs.
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| ventricles of the brain | Fluid (cerbrospinal fluid) filled canals in the brain.
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