A& P Ch 17 HW Reproductive System
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Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs? | Follicle-stimulating hormone
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Tropic hormones | stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
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Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system | - Communicates by means of hormones
- Reacts more slowly to stimuli
- May continue responding long after stimulus stops
- Adapts relatively slowly
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Classify the following as characteristics of the nervous system. | - Communicates by means of electrical impulses
- Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation
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Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system | - Releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution
- Sometimes has very general effects
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Classify the following as characteristics of the nervous system. | - Releases neurotransmitters at synapses
- Usually has relatively local, special effects
- Reacts quickly to stimuli
- Stops quickly when stimulus stops
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Endocrine glands secrete ___________ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ___________. | hormones; target tissues
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A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________. | molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
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Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system | may have a longer lasting effect.
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T/F: Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ. | True
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T/F: In general, the endocrine system has faster results than the nervous system. | False
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T/F : The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream. | False
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T/F : Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes | False
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T/F : Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes. | True
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T/F : Type 2 diabetes is much more common than Type 1 diabetes | True
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T/F : Type 1 diabetes results from increased insulin production. | False
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T/F : Type 2 diabetes results from the inability of tissues to respond to insulin | True
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T/F : Type 1 diabetes most often develops in young people | True
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T/F : Type 2 diabetes usually develops in people under the age of 20. | False
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The pancreas is mostly composed of groups of cells called | pancreatic acini.
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Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion. | increase; decrease
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Secretion of insulin causes | a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.
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Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions? | Pancreas
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The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete | glucagon.
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T/F : One of the primary effects of glucagon in raising blood glucose is glycogenolysis. | True
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T/F : TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4. | False
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T/F : TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary. | True
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T/F : TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland. | True
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T/F : Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion. | True
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T/F : Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion. | True
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T/F : T3 and T4 are secreted by thyroid follicles. | True
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T/F : T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells. | False
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T/F : T3 and T4 are stored in the thyroid follicles as part of thyroglobulin. | True
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The endocrine gland that is devoted entirely to endocrine activities and has a distinctive butterfly shape is the | thyroid gland.
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Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________. | gigantism; pituitary dwarfism
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The thyroid gland is located ____________ to the larynx and is composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ___________. | inferior; isthmus
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The _______ secretes triiodothyronine. | thyroid gland
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Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to | conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
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The adrenal medulla secretes | epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and rapid pulse. | hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism
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Homeostatic mechanisms controlling growth hormone involve negative feedback by GH and what other hormone? | GHIH
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The target organ for TRH, GHRH, CRH, GnRH? | Pituitary
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The target organ for PRL? | Mammary Glands
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The target organ for LH and FSH? | Testis/Ovaries
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The target organ for GH and IGF? | Liver, Fat, Muscle, Bone
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The target organ for TSH? | Thyroid
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The target organ for ACTH? | Adrenal Ccortex
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What structure produces Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Corticotropin-releasing hormone, and Growth hormone- releasing hormone? | Produced by the hypothalamus
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What structure produces Follicle-stimulating hormone, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), and Growth hormone? | Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
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What structure produces Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, and Somatostatin? | Produced by the hypothalamus
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What structure produces Luteinizing hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, and Prolactin? | Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
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What structure produces PIH and Somatostatin? | Hypothalamus
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What structure produces ADH? | Posterior Pituitary
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What structure produces TSH, PRL, and ACTH? | Anterior pituitary
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What is the secretion site for TRH, CRH, and GnRH? | Hypothalamus
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What is the secretion site for OT? | Posterior Pituitary
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What is the secretion site for GH, FSH, LH? | Anterior pituitary
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the | posterior pituitary.
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Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of | negative feedback inhibition.
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Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the | hypothalamus.
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Target cells for releasing hormones are in the | anterior pituitary gland.
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ADH and oxytocin are secreted by | neurosecretory cells.
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T/F : The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones. | False
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Indicate this regulation: - In response to a chronic lack of a hormone, the target cell INCREASES the concentration of receptors - Greater response to same magnitude of hormone release | Up regulation
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Indicate this regulation: - Increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training | Up regulation
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Indicate this regulation: - In response to chronic abundance of hormone, target cell REDUCES concentration of receptors - decreased sensitivity - decreased response to an increase in hormone | Down Regulation
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Indicate this regulation: - decreased hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels | Down Regulation
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Testosterone is an example of which type of hormone? | Steroid hormone
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The parathyroid glands are located on the ____________ surface of the thyroid gland. | posterior
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Hormones display _____________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later. | permissive
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_____________ hormones bind to nuclear receptors, usually found in the nucleus; _____________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. | Lipid-soluble; water-soluble
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Chemical messengers that influence the activity of the same cell that releases them are ___________ chemical messengers, while chemical messengers that influence the activity of another cell are ___________ chemical messengers. | autocrine, paracrine
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An up-regulated cell has an increase in | the number of receptors available for binding.
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Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to | prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.
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A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a | long half-life.
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The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is | melatonin.
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What is the name of the endocrine mode of reflex stimulation that releases hormone(s) due to direct stimulation from changing levels of nutrients or ions in the blood? | Humoral stimulation
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Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered ____________ hormones. | protein
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Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules of which the primary type are called | eicosanoids.
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__________ hormones are not attached to a carrier protein and are able to exit the blood and bind to cellular receptors. | Unbound (free)
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Hormone ___________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells. | elimination
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The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally is called | half-life.
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After eating a meal, blood sugar levels | increase
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Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to | return to about normal.
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In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because | no insulin is released.
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In Type II diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because | muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.
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The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes | insulin.
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Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to | return to about normal.
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