MBC 100 The Language of Medicine, Ch. 7
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| acetone | Ketone body produced in abnormal amounts in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when there is excessive fat breakdown in cells.
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| albuminuria | Protein in the urine.
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| anti-diuretic hormone | Pituitary gland hormone that normally stimulates the kidney to decrease production of urine, preventing excess loss of water. Also called vasopressin.
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| anuria | Supression of urine formation by the kidney.
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| arteriole | Very small artery.
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| azatemia | Excess of nitrogenous waste products in the blood; uremia.
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| bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine.
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| calciferol | An active form of vitamin D, necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine.
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| caliceal | Pertaining to a calyx (cup-shaped collecting chamber in the central portion of the kidney).
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| caliectasis | Dilation or widening of a calyx. This occurs when urine is backed up in the kidney as in hydronephrosis.
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| calyx; calyces | Cup-shaped collecting region in the renal pelvis (central section of the kidney).
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| catheter | Tube for injecting or removing fluids.
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| cortex | Outer region of an organ.
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| cortical | Pertaining to the cortex (outer region of an organ).
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| creatinine | Nitrogen-containing waste product of muscle metabolism; excreted by the kidney in urine.
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| creatinine clearance | Measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.
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| CT urography | X-ray images using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney.
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| cystectomy | Excision (removal) of the urinary bladder.
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| cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
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| cystoscopy | Visual examination of the urinary bladder.
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| cystostomy | New opening of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
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| diabetes insipidus | Abnormal condition of inadequate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland.
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| diabetes mellitus | Lack of insulin secretion (Type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (Type 2) leading to a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in cells.
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| diuresis | Increased excretion of urine by the kidneys. A diuretic is an agent that increases diuresis, such as tea, coffee, or water.
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| dysuria | Painful urination.
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| edema | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces.
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| electrolyte | Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. (Sodium, potassium, and chloride)
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| enurisis | Bedwetting. Literally "in urine."
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| erythropoietin | Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production by bone marrow.
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| essential hypertension | High blood pressure due to no apparent cause.
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| filtration | Process by which some substances, but not all, pass through a filter or other type of material.
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| glomerular capsule | Cup-like structure that surrounds each glomerulus. Also called Bowman capsule.
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| glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of glemeruli in the kidney.
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| glomerulus; glomeruli | Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the cortex of the kidney. As blood flows through each these, waste materials and other substances are filtered from the bloodstream.
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| glycosuria | Sugar in the urine.
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| hematuria | Blood in the urine.
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| hemodialysis | Removal of waste materials from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning. Blood leaves the body and circulates through a machine that removes wastes before sending the blood back into the body through a vein.
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| hilum | Depression or hollow in the surface of an organ, such as a kidney and lung. It is the area where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the organ.
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| hydronephrosis | Abnormal condition of excess backup of fluid (urine) in the kidney.
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| hyperkalemeia | Abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood.
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| hypernatremia | Abnormally high levels of sodium in the bloodstream.
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| interstitial nephritis | Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules.
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| intravesical | Within the urinary bladder.
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| ketonuria | Presence of ketones in the urnine. Common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, but can occur in any time the body begins to break down fatty tissue provide energy as in starvation.
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| ketosis | Accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies (acetones) in the blood; ketoacidosis.
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| kidney | One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region.
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| lithotripsy | Process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone with the kidney or ureter.
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| meatal stenosis | Narrowing of the meatus (opening) leading from the urethra to the outside of the body.
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| meatus | Opening or canal.
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| medulla | Inner region of an organ.
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| medullary | Pertaining to the medulla or an organ.
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| MRI urography | Process of taking MRI images of the urinary tract after injecting contrast.
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| nephrolithiasis | Abnormal condition of kidney stones.
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| nephrolithotomy | Incision of the kidney to remove a stone.
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| nephron | Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting tubule.
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| nephropathy | Disease of the kidneys.
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| nephroptosis | Prolapse of a kidney; floating or wandering kidney.
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| nephrostomy | Opening of the kidney to the outside of the body.
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| nephrotic syndrome | Group of symptoms that occur due to loss of protein in the urine. AKA nephrosis.
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| nitrogenous waste | Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine; examples are urea, creatine, and uric acid.
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| nocturia | Urinary frequency at night.
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| oliguria | Scanty urination.
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| parenchyma | Essential, functioning cells of any organ. Neurons (nerve cells) are this portion of the nervous system.
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| paranephric | Pertaining to beside or near a kidney.
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| peritoneal dialysis | Separation of nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream by introducing fluid into the peritoneal cavity. Wastes then leave the bloodstream and enter the fluid, which is drained through an abdominal catheter.
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| phenylketonuria | Excess of phenylketones in the urine; diagnosed by a PKU test at birth.
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| polycystic kidney disease | Kidneys are filled with cysts that prevent normal kidney funciotn.
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| polydipsia | Excessive thirst.
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| polyuria | Excessive urination.
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| potassium | Chemical element that forms salts with other minerals such as calcium and is vital for bodily processes. Electrolyte balanced by the kidney.
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| pyelolithotomy | Incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis of the kidney.
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| pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection.
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| pyuria | Pus in the urine; sign of urinary tract infection (UTI).
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| reabsorption | Process in the kidney by which the renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
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| renal nagiography | X-ray record of blood vessels of the kidney after injecting contrast material.
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| renal angioplasty | X-ray record of blood vessels of the kidney after injecting contrast material.
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| renal artery | Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
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| renal calculi | Kidney stones.
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| renal cell carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the kidney in an adult.
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| renal colic | Severe pain resulting from stones (calculi) in a ureter or in the kidney (renal pelvis).
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| renal failure | Failure of the kidneys to produce and excrete urine.
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| renal hypertension | High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease.
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| renal ischemia | Condition in which blood is held back from the kidney, often by blockage of renal arteries and arterioles.
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| renal pelvis | Central collecting chamber of the kidney.
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| renal transplantaion | Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.
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| renal tubule | Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
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| renal vein | Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney back toward the heart.
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| renin | A substance (enzyme) synthesized, stored and secreted by the kidney to raise blood pressure. It causes narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels.
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| retrograde pyelogram | X-ray record of the kidney, ureters, and urinary bladder after injection of contrast material through a urinary catheter into the ureters
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| secondary hypertension | High blood pressure caused by kidney disease or by other disorders.
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| sodium | Chemical element necessary for cellular functioning; an electrolyte regulated by the kidneys.
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| stricture | Narrowing of a tubular structure in the body.
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| trigone | Triangular area in the urinary bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits.
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| trigonitis | Inflammation of the trigone of the urinary bladder.
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| urea | Major nitrogenous waste material in urine.
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| uremia | Excessive amount of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
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| ureter | One of two tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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| ureterileostomy | New opening of the ureters to an isolated portion of the ileum that has been removed from its normal location and connected to the outside of the body. It serves as a passageway for urine to leave the body when the urinary bladder is not functioning.
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| ureteroneocystostomy | Surgical transplantation of a ureter to a new site in the urinary bladder. This occurs with a kidney transplant.
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| ureteroplasty | Surgical repair of the urethra.
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| urethra | Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
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| urethral stricture | Narrowing of the urethra.
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| urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra.
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| urthroplasty | Surgical repair of the urethra.
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| uric acid | Nitrogenous waste formed when proteins are used in cells . It is excreted by the kidneys in urine.
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| urinalysis | Series of tests to evaluate the composition of urine. It includes tests to determine color, appearance, sugar. bacteria, and protein in blood.
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| urinary bladder | Hollow container with muscular walls that holds and stores urine until it is discharged from the body.
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| urinary catherization | Passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine.
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| urinary incontinence | Involuntary passage of urine.
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| urinary retention | Inability to pass urine, which is held back in the urinary bladder.
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| urination | The process of expelling urine; micturition; voiding.
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| vesicourteral reflux | Backflow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters.
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| voiding | Urination.
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| voiding cystourethrogram | X-ray record of the urinary bladder and urethra taken while a patient is urinating and after contrast material is injected retrograde through the urethra.
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| Wilms tumor | Malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in childhood.
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