MBC 100 The Language of Medicine, Ch. 5
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| absorbtion | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream.
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| achlohdria | Absence of hydrochloric acid fro the gastric juices.
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| amino acids | Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested.
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| amylase | An enzyme that digests (breaks down) starches into simpler substances (such as sugars).
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| anastomosis | A surgical procedure that creates a new opening between tow previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ.
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| anus | The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body.
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| appendectomy | Removal or excision of the appendix.
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| appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix.
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| appendix | Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen.
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| bile | Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
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| biliary | Pertaining to bile or bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum).
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| bilirubine | Orange-yellow pigment found in bile. It is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die.
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| bowel | Intestine. The large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine.
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| buccal mucosa | Mucous membrane lining the cheek.
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| canine teeth | Pointed dog-like teeth, next to the incisor.
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| cecal | Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon).
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| celiac | Pertaining to the abdomen.
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| cheilosis | Abnormal condition of the lip.
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| cholecystectomy | Removal (excision, resection) of the gallbladder.
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| choledocholithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct.
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| choledochojejunostomy | Surgical anastomosis (creation of a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum.
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| choledochotomy | Incision of the common bile duct.
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| cholelithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones (gallstones) in the bladder.
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| colon | Large intestine (bowel).
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| colonic | Pertaining to the colon.
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| colonoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the colon.
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| colostomy | New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to t he outside of the body.
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| common bile duct | Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine.
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| defecation | Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the anus.
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| deglutition | Swallowing
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| dentibuccal | Pertaining to the cheek and teeth.
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| dentin | Primary material found in teeth; surrounding the pulp covered by enamel of the crown.
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| digestion | Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.
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| duodenal | Pertaining to the duodenum. (1st part of the small intestine).
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| duodenum | The first part of the small intestine.
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| elimination | Act of removal of materials from the body.
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| emulsification | Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles.
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| enamel | Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.
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| endodontist | A dentist specializing int the inner parts of the tooth.
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| enterocolitis | Inflammation of the small intestine and colon.
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| enteroenterostomy | New opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine.
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| enzyme | Protein that speeds up the rate of a biochemical reaction.
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| esophageal | Pertaining to the esophagus.
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| esophagus | Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach.
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| fatty acids | Substances that are produced when fats are digested.
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| facial | Pertaining to the face.
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| feces | Solid wastes; stools.
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| gallbladder | Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored.
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| gastrointestinal tract | The tubular system related to the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus.
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| gastrojejunostomy | New surgical connection (anastomosis) between the stomach and the jejunum (second part of the small intestine).
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| gastrostomy | New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to t he ouside of the body.
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| gingivitis | Inflammation of the gums.
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| gluconeogenesis | Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver.
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| glucose | Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells.
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| glycogen | Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells.
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| glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar
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| hepatoma | Tumor of the liver.
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| hepatomegaly | Enlargement of the liver.
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| gydorchloric acid | Strong acid, present in a dilute for in the stomach; aids digestion.
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| hyperbilirubinemia | High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice.
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| hypoglossal | Pertaining to under the tongue.
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| ileitis | Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine).
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| ileocecal sphincter | Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine.
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| ileostomy | New opening of the ileum to the outside of the body.
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| incisor | One of the four front teeth on either jaw.
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| insulin | Hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas which transports sugar form the blood into the cells.
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| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine.
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| labial | Pertaining to the lip.
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| laparoscopy | Process of visually examining the contents of the abdomen (using an endoscope).
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| lipase | Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.
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| lithogenesis | Formation of stone (calculi).
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| liver | Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen.
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| lower esophageal sphincter | Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.
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| mastication | Chewing.
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| melena | Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood.
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| mesentery | Membrane that holds the intestine together.
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| molar teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch.
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| oral | Pertaining to the mouth.
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| orthodontist | Dentist specializing in straightening teeth.
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| palate | Roof of the mouth; hard portion is the front bony part and the sort portion is the posterior fleshy part near the throat.
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| palatopaharyngoplasty | Surgical repair of the pharynx and palate.
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| palatoplasty | Surgical repair of the palate (roof of the mouth).
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| pancreas | Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells.
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| pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas.
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| papillae | Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds.
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| parenteral | Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection.
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| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
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| perianal | Pertaining to surrounding the anus.
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| peridontist | Dentist specializing in treating the gums.
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| peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum.
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| peristalsis | Rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and tubular structures.
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| pharyngeal | Pertaining to the throat or pharynx.
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| pharynx | Throat.
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| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
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| postprandial | After meals.
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| premolar teeth | Either of the two teeth on each side of the each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars.
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| proctologist | Specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum.
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| protease | Enzyme that digests protein.
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| pulp | Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels.
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| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscles that surrounds the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.
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| pyloroplasty | Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter.
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| pylorus | Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum.
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| rectocele | Hernia of the rectum.
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| rectum | Final section of the colon.
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| rugae | Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
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| saliva | Digestive juice produced by salivary glands.
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| salivary glands | Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands.
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| sialadentis | Inflammation of the salivary gland.
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| sialolith | Salivary gland stone; lodged in a salivary gland or duct.
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| sigmoid colon | Distal, lower end of the colon.
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| sigmoidoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon.
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| sphincter | Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice.
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| steatorrhea | Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat.
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| stomach | Organ composed of three main parts: fundus (upper portion), body (middle section), and antrum (lower portion). It prepares food for the small intestine, where further digestion and absorption into the bloodstream take place.
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| Stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth.
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| sublingaul | Pertaining to under the tongue.
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| submandibular | Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible).
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| triglycerides | Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.
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| uvula | Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth.
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| uvulectomy | Removal (excision) of the uvula.
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| villi | Finger-like, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids.
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