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Digestive System
MBC 100 The Language of Medicine, Ch. 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| absorbtion | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. |
| achlohdria | Absence of hydrochloric acid fro the gastric juices. |
| amino acids | Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested. |
| amylase | An enzyme that digests (breaks down) starches into simpler substances (such as sugars). |
| anastomosis | A surgical procedure that creates a new opening between tow previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ. |
| anus | The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. |
| appendectomy | Removal or excision of the appendix. |
| appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix. |
| appendix | Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen. |
| bile | Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. |
| biliary | Pertaining to bile or bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum). |
| bilirubine | Orange-yellow pigment found in bile. It is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die. |
| bowel | Intestine. The large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine. |
| buccal mucosa | Mucous membrane lining the cheek. |
| canine teeth | Pointed dog-like teeth, next to the incisor. |
| cecal | Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon). |
| celiac | Pertaining to the abdomen. |
| cheilosis | Abnormal condition of the lip. |
| cholecystectomy | Removal (excision, resection) of the gallbladder. |
| choledocholithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct. |
| choledochojejunostomy | Surgical anastomosis (creation of a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum. |
| choledochotomy | Incision of the common bile duct. |
| cholelithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones (gallstones) in the bladder. |
| colon | Large intestine (bowel). |
| colonic | Pertaining to the colon. |
| colonoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the colon. |
| colostomy | New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to t he outside of the body. |
| common bile duct | Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine. |
| defecation | Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the anus. |
| deglutition | Swallowing |
| dentibuccal | Pertaining to the cheek and teeth. |
| dentin | Primary material found in teeth; surrounding the pulp covered by enamel of the crown. |
| digestion | Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms. |
| duodenal | Pertaining to the duodenum. (1st part of the small intestine). |
| duodenum | The first part of the small intestine. |
| elimination | Act of removal of materials from the body. |
| emulsification | Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles. |
| enamel | Hard, outermost layer of a tooth. |
| endodontist | A dentist specializing int the inner parts of the tooth. |
| enterocolitis | Inflammation of the small intestine and colon. |
| enteroenterostomy | New opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine. |
| enzyme | Protein that speeds up the rate of a biochemical reaction. |
| esophageal | Pertaining to the esophagus. |
| esophagus | Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. |
| fatty acids | Substances that are produced when fats are digested. |
| facial | Pertaining to the face. |
| feces | Solid wastes; stools. |
| gallbladder | Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored. |
| gastrointestinal tract | The tubular system related to the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus. |
| gastrojejunostomy | New surgical connection (anastomosis) between the stomach and the jejunum (second part of the small intestine). |
| gastrostomy | New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to t he ouside of the body. |
| gingivitis | Inflammation of the gums. |
| gluconeogenesis | Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver. |
| glucose | Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells. |
| glycogen | Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells. |
| glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar |
| hepatoma | Tumor of the liver. |
| hepatomegaly | Enlargement of the liver. |
| gydorchloric acid | Strong acid, present in a dilute for in the stomach; aids digestion. |
| hyperbilirubinemia | High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice. |
| hypoglossal | Pertaining to under the tongue. |
| ileitis | Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine). |
| ileocecal sphincter | Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine. |
| ileostomy | New opening of the ileum to the outside of the body. |
| incisor | One of the four front teeth on either jaw. |
| insulin | Hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas which transports sugar form the blood into the cells. |
| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine. |
| labial | Pertaining to the lip. |
| laparoscopy | Process of visually examining the contents of the abdomen (using an endoscope). |
| lipase | Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats. |
| lithogenesis | Formation of stone (calculi). |
| liver | Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. |
| lower esophageal sphincter | Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. |
| mastication | Chewing. |
| melena | Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood. |
| mesentery | Membrane that holds the intestine together. |
| molar teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. |
| oral | Pertaining to the mouth. |
| orthodontist | Dentist specializing in straightening teeth. |
| palate | Roof of the mouth; hard portion is the front bony part and the sort portion is the posterior fleshy part near the throat. |
| palatopaharyngoplasty | Surgical repair of the pharynx and palate. |
| palatoplasty | Surgical repair of the palate (roof of the mouth). |
| pancreas | Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells. |
| pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas. |
| papillae | Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds. |
| parenteral | Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection. |
| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. |
| perianal | Pertaining to surrounding the anus. |
| peridontist | Dentist specializing in treating the gums. |
| peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum. |
| peristalsis | Rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and tubular structures. |
| pharyngeal | Pertaining to the throat or pharynx. |
| pharynx | Throat. |
| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines. |
| postprandial | After meals. |
| premolar teeth | Either of the two teeth on each side of the each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars. |
| proctologist | Specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum. |
| protease | Enzyme that digests protein. |
| pulp | Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels. |
| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscles that surrounds the opening of the stomach to the duodenum. |
| pyloroplasty | Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter. |
| pylorus | Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum. |
| rectocele | Hernia of the rectum. |
| rectum | Final section of the colon. |
| rugae | Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach. |
| saliva | Digestive juice produced by salivary glands. |
| salivary glands | Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands. |
| sialadentis | Inflammation of the salivary gland. |
| sialolith | Salivary gland stone; lodged in a salivary gland or duct. |
| sigmoid colon | Distal, lower end of the colon. |
| sigmoidoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon. |
| sphincter | Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice. |
| steatorrhea | Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat. |
| stomach | Organ composed of three main parts: fundus (upper portion), body (middle section), and antrum (lower portion). It prepares food for the small intestine, where further digestion and absorption into the bloodstream take place. |
| Stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth. |
| sublingaul | Pertaining to under the tongue. |
| submandibular | Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible). |
| triglycerides | Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. |
| uvula | Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth. |
| uvulectomy | Removal (excision) of the uvula. |
| villi | Finger-like, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids. |
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