Immunology Midterm
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| Innate Immunity | Non-specific, always present, no memory, includes: skin, mucus membranes, cilia, peristalsis, normal flora, humoral factors
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| Adaptive Immunity | Specific, has memory, reacts quickly once triggered, includes: B cells, T cells, Plasma cells
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| Cytokines | Produced by Helper T cells, regulates immune responses
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| Interleukins | Produced by Helper T cells
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| Apoptosis | normal cell death
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| Spleen | Removes old cells
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| Memory | ability to respond quickly to antigens that previously triggered its activation
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| IgM | found in primary response, is a pentamer
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| IgM | best agglutinator (10 binding sites)
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| IgA | is a dimer
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| Antibody | Produced by plasma cells, proteins made in response to an antigen
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| Histamine | Released by mast cells, makes local blood vessels more permeable
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| Phagocytosis | cells ingesting objects (bacteria, viruses, apoptosis cells), Neutrophils perform
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| Haptens | small compounds able to combine with immune system elements but cant stimulate a response unless linked to larger carrier, poison ivy
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| Epitope | restricted portion of molecule involved in actual binding
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| Heavy chain | determines antibody class
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| Monocytes | differentiates into a macrophage
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| Dendritic cell | most efficient antigen presenting cell
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| Eosinophil | cell associated with allergies and parasitic infections
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| Natural killer cells | virus infected cells
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| CRP | tests for inflammation
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| Tolerance | failure to respond to antigen, immature B cells that express self-reacting BCR bind self antigens
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| T dependent antigens | requires presence of helper T cells to stimulate B cell antibody production
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| Primary immune response | first contact with antigen, B and T cells respond, slow antibody peak, longer to reach immunity, antibodies decline rapidly
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| Secondary immune response | second and subsequent exposure to antigen, memory cell responds, antibodies peak quickly, quicker immunity and antibody levels stay/decline slower
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| B cells | CD19
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| T helper cells | CD4
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| MHC class I | found on nucleated cells
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| MHC class II | interact with helper T cells
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| Naive cell | cell that hasn't been exposed to an antigen
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| Cyclosporine | affects T cell function to prevent antigen production/activation after organ transplant
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| Somatic mutation | results in cancer
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| Somatic recombination | process where segments of DNA are rearranged to form variable region genes of BCR and T cell receptors that interact with antigens
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| T cytotoxic cells | cells that kill infected cells
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| Complement | elemination of microorganisms. C3a, C4a, C5a are anaphylatoxins
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| Alternative pathway activation | when C3b is deposited on the target cell surface
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| MAC (membrane attack complex) | made of C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
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| Scintillation | gamma rays
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| Nephelometry | scatter of light
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| Flow cytometry | for counting cells
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| Chemiluminescence | light from a chemical reaction
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| Spectrophotometer | absorbance/transmission of light
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| AH50 | measures overall activity of alternative pathway
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| HANE | decreased level of C1 inhibitor
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| Substrate | substance acted upon by enzyme
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| Glutaraldehyde | reagent used to bind fluorochromes and enzymes to antigens or antibodies
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| Zone of equivalence | area of precipitin curve where all molecules and antibody molecules interact to form a lattice
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| Antibody Titer | detects presence and amount of antibodies present in blood
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| Syphilis testing | FTA-ABS, flocculation, cardiolipin antibody, RPR, TPHA/hemaggultination
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| Primary stage | Chancre
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| Secondary stage | Rash
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| Tertiary stage | decades later, neurological
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| Agglutination and precipitation | soluble/particulate; colloidal particles/gold
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| Electrophoresis | takes place at room temp, antibodies located in gamma band, cellulose acetate doesnt impede protein movement, buffer pH >8
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| Immunofixation | antigens separated by electrophoresis, antibodies layered over & diffuse into the gel, immunodiffusion
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| Immunodiffusion | antibodies diffuse & combine with the antigen, resulting in precipitation
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| Gonorrhoeae | gram neg diplococci
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| Chlamydia | elemtary body, reticulate body
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| Cold agglutinins | mycoplasma pneumonia, must be kept warm
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| Borrelia burgdorferi | bull's eye rash, lyme disease
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| Weil-Felix agglutination test | Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
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| Hepatitis testing | capsid
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| Importance of clades in Hep C | responds to different treatment
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| Rubeola | Measles, photophobia, subacute sclerosing, panencephalitis
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| Mumps | Amylase
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| Chicken pox | virus can lead to shingles in elderly
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| HIV | CD4 cells, gp120, viral load tests
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| Reye's syndrome | aspirin
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| HTLV | retrovirus, adult T cell leukemia, transmitted through sexual contact, blood/blood, IV drug use, breast milk
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| Germ tube test | Candida, positive: tube extending from spore
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| Cryptococcus neoformans | india ink
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| Acanthamoeba | contact lens wearers
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| Thyroid testing | increased TSH=increased T3 and T4, decreased TSH=decreased T3 and T4, bulging eyes
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| Graves disease | hyperthyroidism
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| Cancer testing | CEA/colon cancer, CA125/ovarian
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| Pernicious anemia | intrinsic factor, schilling test
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| Philadelphia chromosome | 9 and 22
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| Bence jones proteins | multiple myeloma
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Created by:
Ramin11
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