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Immunology Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Innate Immunity | Non-specific, always present, no memory, includes: skin, mucus membranes, cilia, peristalsis, normal flora, humoral factors |
| Adaptive Immunity | Specific, has memory, reacts quickly once triggered, includes: B cells, T cells, Plasma cells |
| Cytokines | Produced by Helper T cells, regulates immune responses |
| Interleukins | Produced by Helper T cells |
| Apoptosis | normal cell death |
| Spleen | Removes old cells |
| Memory | ability to respond quickly to antigens that previously triggered its activation |
| IgM | found in primary response, is a pentamer |
| IgM | best agglutinator (10 binding sites) |
| IgA | is a dimer |
| Antibody | Produced by plasma cells, proteins made in response to an antigen |
| Histamine | Released by mast cells, makes local blood vessels more permeable |
| Phagocytosis | cells ingesting objects (bacteria, viruses, apoptosis cells), Neutrophils perform |
| Haptens | small compounds able to combine with immune system elements but cant stimulate a response unless linked to larger carrier, poison ivy |
| Epitope | restricted portion of molecule involved in actual binding |
| Heavy chain | determines antibody class |
| Monocytes | differentiates into a macrophage |
| Dendritic cell | most efficient antigen presenting cell |
| Eosinophil | cell associated with allergies and parasitic infections |
| Natural killer cells | virus infected cells |
| CRP | tests for inflammation |
| Tolerance | failure to respond to antigen, immature B cells that express self-reacting BCR bind self antigens |
| T dependent antigens | requires presence of helper T cells to stimulate B cell antibody production |
| Primary immune response | first contact with antigen, B and T cells respond, slow antibody peak, longer to reach immunity, antibodies decline rapidly |
| Secondary immune response | second and subsequent exposure to antigen, memory cell responds, antibodies peak quickly, quicker immunity and antibody levels stay/decline slower |
| B cells | CD19 |
| T helper cells | CD4 |
| MHC class I | found on nucleated cells |
| MHC class II | interact with helper T cells |
| Naive cell | cell that hasn't been exposed to an antigen |
| Cyclosporine | affects T cell function to prevent antigen production/activation after organ transplant |
| Somatic mutation | results in cancer |
| Somatic recombination | process where segments of DNA are rearranged to form variable region genes of BCR and T cell receptors that interact with antigens |
| T cytotoxic cells | cells that kill infected cells |
| Complement | elemination of microorganisms. C3a, C4a, C5a are anaphylatoxins |
| Alternative pathway activation | when C3b is deposited on the target cell surface |
| MAC (membrane attack complex) | made of C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 |
| Scintillation | gamma rays |
| Nephelometry | scatter of light |
| Flow cytometry | for counting cells |
| Chemiluminescence | light from a chemical reaction |
| Spectrophotometer | absorbance/transmission of light |
| AH50 | measures overall activity of alternative pathway |
| HANE | decreased level of C1 inhibitor |
| Substrate | substance acted upon by enzyme |
| Glutaraldehyde | reagent used to bind fluorochromes and enzymes to antigens or antibodies |
| Zone of equivalence | area of precipitin curve where all molecules and antibody molecules interact to form a lattice |
| Antibody Titer | detects presence and amount of antibodies present in blood |
| Syphilis testing | FTA-ABS, flocculation, cardiolipin antibody, RPR, TPHA/hemaggultination |
| Primary stage | Chancre |
| Secondary stage | Rash |
| Tertiary stage | decades later, neurological |
| Agglutination and precipitation | soluble/particulate; colloidal particles/gold |
| Electrophoresis | takes place at room temp, antibodies located in gamma band, cellulose acetate doesnt impede protein movement, buffer pH >8 |
| Immunofixation | antigens separated by electrophoresis, antibodies layered over & diffuse into the gel, immunodiffusion |
| Immunodiffusion | antibodies diffuse & combine with the antigen, resulting in precipitation |
| Gonorrhoeae | gram neg diplococci |
| Chlamydia | elemtary body, reticulate body |
| Cold agglutinins | mycoplasma pneumonia, must be kept warm |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | bull's eye rash, lyme disease |
| Weil-Felix agglutination test | Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF) |
| Hepatitis testing | capsid |
| Importance of clades in Hep C | responds to different treatment |
| Rubeola | Measles, photophobia, subacute sclerosing, panencephalitis |
| Mumps | Amylase |
| Chicken pox | virus can lead to shingles in elderly |
| HIV | CD4 cells, gp120, viral load tests |
| Reye's syndrome | aspirin |
| HTLV | retrovirus, adult T cell leukemia, transmitted through sexual contact, blood/blood, IV drug use, breast milk |
| Germ tube test | Candida, positive: tube extending from spore |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | india ink |
| Acanthamoeba | contact lens wearers |
| Thyroid testing | increased TSH=increased T3 and T4, decreased TSH=decreased T3 and T4, bulging eyes |
| Graves disease | hyperthyroidism |
| Cancer testing | CEA/colon cancer, CA125/ovarian |
| Pernicious anemia | intrinsic factor, schilling test |
| Philadelphia chromosome | 9 and 22 |
| Bence jones proteins | multiple myeloma |
Created by:
Ramin11
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