A&P
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| In embryology, normal folding of the cardiac tube as shown is termed: | D looping
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| A column of tissue splitting the stream of blood flowing from atria to ventricle is termed the; | Endocardial cushion
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| A patient with "Normal Situs" will have abdominal contents with ____ sided stomach bubble and ____ hepatic shadow. | Left, Right
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| After the newborn takes its first breath, right sided pressure drop. This pressure drop causes a closure of | Ostium secundum
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| The normal fetal circulation, what percentage of the cardiac output goes through the lungs? | 10%-12%
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| The normal fetal shunt between the AO and PA is termed___ and shunts blood in a _____ direction | PDA, R - L
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| What fetal shunt carries the most oxygen rich blood? | Ductus venosus
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| In prenatal life the fetal lung alveoli are? | Collapsed
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| When the umbilicus is clamped? AO pressure ___ and PA pressure ____. | Increases, Decreases
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| Between 24th and 28th day of gestation the truncus arterio must divide and spiral. If this fails, what Congenital defect develops? | Transposition of the great vessels
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| Subvalvular Obstruction; | also termed HOCM or IHSS
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| What blood lipoproteins is the major carrier of cholesterol? | Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
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| To reduce risk of heart attack - Serum cholesterol should be kept below ____. | 200mg/dl
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| The worst dietary factors, that increase serum cholesterol and its lipoprotein fraction are increased____. | Calories, Saturated fats, and Cholesterol
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| What blood lipoprotein is believed to have a PROTECTIVE effect against atherosclerotic heart disease? | High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
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| The actual amount of O2 carried in the blood (VOL%) is defined as? | Oxygen Content
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| What would shift the oxyhemoglobin curve to the right and facilitate O2 unloading in the tissue? | Acidosis
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| The normal adult male Hemoglobin measurement? | Hgb = 15gm/dl
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| A patient with a hemoglobin of 22 gm, is suffering from? | Polycythemia (High Hct)
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| Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is in the? | Hemoglobin as O2 Saturation
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| Blood PO2 levels actually measure the oxygen that is? | Dissolved in the plasma
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| What element in the hemoglobin molecule combines chemically with Oxygen? | Iron (Fe)
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| The percent of RBS's by volume in whole blood is known as? | Hematocrit
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| Normal adult male Hematocrit is? | 45%-52%
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| Arterial blood O2 Saturation | SaO2
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| Arterial blood O2 Content | CaO2
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| Partial pressure of arterial O2 | PaO2
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| O2 consumption rate | VO2
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| Inspired O2% | FIO2
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| Gas exchange across the alveolar capillary membrane is accomplished by what mechanism? | Diffusion
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| The primary drive to breathing comes from the patient's | CO2 levels
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| If red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, they will? | Crenate
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| What is the shape of a normal red blood cell? | Biconcave disc
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| The chief receptor responsible for platelet aggregation is? | GP IIb IIIa
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| The protein threads that form the basis of a clot are? | Fibrin
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| What blood cells initiate clotting? | Platelets
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| What two proteins combine to form a blood clot? | Thrombin, Fibrinogen
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| List the Clotting cascade in order | Prothrombin->Thrombin-> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin Clot
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| Which process of hemostasis acts first to temporarily patch the inner walls of injured and/or bleeding vessels? | Platelet aggregation
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| Which factor speeds and enhances blood clotting? | Slow blood flow
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| The expected blood volume of an average 70 Kg adult is? | 5.6 Liters (8% of an adult body is Blood)
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| Blood "Type A" contains what factor on RBC membranes? | Antigen A
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| "Type A" blood plasma contains only ____ iso-agglutinin antibodies? | Antibody B
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| Which type of "ABO plasma antibodies" (agglutinins) would a person with "Type O" blood have? | A and B agglutinins
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| What blood type is the universal donor? | Type O
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| The Rh blood factor is a/an? | Antigen found on some blood cells
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| The main organ responsible for regulating acid base and electrolyte balance in the body is? | the Kidney
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| Oxygen chemically combined with hemoglobin for transport is termed? | Oxy-hemoglobin
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| Normal CO2 and O2 arterial blood gas tensions are? | PCO2 = 40 / PO2 = 80
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| Bicarbonate functions as a base by? | Removing free H+ ions from a solution
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| Volatile acids are those that? | Give off gaseous products
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| Respiratory failure allows which of the following acids to accumulate in the blood? | Carbonic Acid
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| Kidneys affect arterial blood by controlling the? | HCO3 & O2 Sat
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| One by products of ANAEROBIC metabolism is? | Lactic Acid
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| How do elevated blood PCO2 and low pH levels effect oxygenation? | Increase oxygenation of tissues
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| Which acid base imbalance should be treated by increasing the patients respiratory rate and/or depth? | Respiratory Acidosis
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| Normal blood Potassium electrolyte levels are? | 3-5 mEq/L
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| Phagocytosis means? | Cell eating
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| What are the functions of Leukocytes? | Antibody production , Phagocytosis
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| What is a Leukocyte? | White Blood Cell (WBC)
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| The main function of the blood is? | Transportaion
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| Where are Erythrocytes produced? | Bone marrow
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| Each red blood cell lives approximately? | 120 days (4 months)
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| In a child, what percent of the body weight is composed of the blood volume? | 7%
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| Plasma contains what percent of water? | 92%
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| The average adult alveolar capillary surface area in the lungs is? | 50-70 M2
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| Normal WBC count? | 5,000 - 9,000 /mm3
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| Insulin secretion causes a? | Decrease in blood Glucose
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| Diabetic coma results from an excess accumulation in the blood of? | Ketones from rapid fat breakdown, causing acidosis
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| Blood component neither seen nor measured in a hematocrit is? | Thrombocytes
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| Red Blood Cells | Erythrocytes
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| White Blood Cells | Leucocytes
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| Platelets | Throbocytes
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| Blood exam that estimates the percentage of each type of white cell? | Differential blood count
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| Edema - | Abnormal accumulation of Fluid
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| Water diffuses across a membrane due to area of higher concentration is? | Osmosis
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| Important electrolyte serum level to monitor and watch when taking diuretic pills is? | Potassium.
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| A patient with CHF tends to retain excessive amounts of? | Sodium
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| Is sodium one cause for edema? | True
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| In the lateral chest X-ray, which structure is most posterior? | Coronary sinus
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| Occlusion of the mid RCA would cause infraction of the LV? | Inferior Wall (diaphragmatic surface)
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| What occlusion would result in RV Myocardial Infraction | Acute Marginal Occulusion
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| What small coronary artery frequently originates from a separate ostia within the right sinus of Valsalva? | Conus artery
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| Normally the second branch off the RCA (after the Conus Branch) is? | SA node
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| What area of the brain regulates peripheral vascular resistance? | Nucleus tractus Solitarus in the medulla
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| The sympathetic Nervous system originates from the___, and the parasympathetic (Vagal) originates from___. | T1-T12, 10th cranial
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| Vascular smooth muscle: | Alpha 1
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| Heart muscle and AV node: | Beta 1
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| Lung bronchioles: | Beta 2
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| Lung broncho-dilation: | Beta - 2 adrenergic
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| Cardiac stimulation: | Beta - 1 adrenergic
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| Vasoconstriction: | Alpha adrenergic
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| Cardiac depression: | Cholinergic
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| Atropine: | Vagal Blocker
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| Propranolol (Inderol): | Beta Blocker
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| Norepinphrine: | Sympathomimetic
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| Acetylcholine: | Cholinergic
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| Which regulatory system plays the predominant role in the regulation of cutaneous flow? | Sympathetic Nervous
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| Stimulation of sympathetic nerves liberates____ as an end site chemical mediator. | Norepinephrine
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| Alterations in heart rate evoked by changes in blood pressure are dependent upon the baroreceptors located in the? | Aortic arch and Carotid sinuses
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| The main parasympathetic nerve that innervates the heart is the? | Vagus
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| The naturally occurring neurotransmitter at the parasympathetic nerve junction is? | Acetylcholine
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| List two common causes of vasovagal reaction; | Pain, Patient Anxiety
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| What is the primary effect of vagal nerve stimulation on the heart? | Decreased automaticity
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| Increased vagal tone causes? | -Inotropism, -Chronotropism
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| Atropine: | Parasympathetic Blocker (anti-cholinergic)
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| Standard dosage for Atropine given IV? | 0.5-1.0 mg every 3-5 mins & MAX of 2-3 mg
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| Stretch receptors in the Aortic arch are termed? | Baro-receptors
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| Baro-receptors are most sensitive to? | Blood pressure
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| With increased blood pressure sensed by the Baro-receptors, will cause? | Decrease in heart rate
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| Acidemia and Hypoxemia cause? | Vasodilation of systemic circ / Vasoconstriction of Pulmonary System
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| Where the most Vascular Resistance developes? | Arterioles
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| Where the Blood Flow through vessels is the SLOWEST? | Capilaries
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| What vessels have the Greatest cross sectional area? | Capilaries
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| What has the LARGEST mean blood pressure (gradient) occur? | Arterioles
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| In the supine individual, the lowest mean vascular blood pressure will be found in the? | Superior Vena Cava
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| The aortic dicrotic notch marks the beginning of ventricular? | LV diastole
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| Closure of the semilunar heart valves is associated with a hemodynamic? | Dicrotic notch
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| Kidney function test: | BUN (Blood urea Nitrogen)
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| Artery punctured for AO-gram: | CFA ( Common Femoral Artery)
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| Feeding tube to stomach: | NG (Nasogastric)
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| Artery supplying femur: | PFA (Profunda Femoral Artery)
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| Computerized digital X-ray imaging: | DSA (Digital Subtraction Angiography)
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| Thrombosis of leg veins: | DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)
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| Contrast injected IV: | IVP (Intravenous Pyelogram)
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| Artery to front of foot: | DP (Dorsalis Pedis)
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| Artery of the intestine: | SMA (Superior Mesenteric artery)
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| Radio-isotope scan of lung: | V/Q (Ventilation/Perfusion)
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| Vascular angioplasty: | PTA (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty)
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| Abdominal film showing urinary system: | KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder)
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| Kidneys: | Renal
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| Lungs: | Bronchial
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| Intestines: | Mesenteric
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| Liver: | Portal/Hepatic
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| Diaphragm: | Phrenic
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| Brain: | Carotid
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| Legs: | Iliac
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| Arms: | Subclavian
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