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A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In embryology, normal folding of the cardiac tube as shown is termed: | D looping |
| A column of tissue splitting the stream of blood flowing from atria to ventricle is termed the; | Endocardial cushion |
| A patient with "Normal Situs" will have abdominal contents with ____ sided stomach bubble and ____ hepatic shadow. | Left, Right |
| After the newborn takes its first breath, right sided pressure drop. This pressure drop causes a closure of | Ostium secundum |
| The normal fetal circulation, what percentage of the cardiac output goes through the lungs? | 10%-12% |
| The normal fetal shunt between the AO and PA is termed___ and shunts blood in a _____ direction | PDA, R - L |
| What fetal shunt carries the most oxygen rich blood? | Ductus venosus |
| In prenatal life the fetal lung alveoli are? | Collapsed |
| When the umbilicus is clamped? AO pressure ___ and PA pressure ____. | Increases, Decreases |
| Between 24th and 28th day of gestation the truncus arterio must divide and spiral. If this fails, what Congenital defect develops? | Transposition of the great vessels |
| Subvalvular Obstruction; | also termed HOCM or IHSS |
| What blood lipoproteins is the major carrier of cholesterol? | Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) |
| To reduce risk of heart attack - Serum cholesterol should be kept below ____. | 200mg/dl |
| The worst dietary factors, that increase serum cholesterol and its lipoprotein fraction are increased____. | Calories, Saturated fats, and Cholesterol |
| What blood lipoprotein is believed to have a PROTECTIVE effect against atherosclerotic heart disease? | High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) |
| The actual amount of O2 carried in the blood (VOL%) is defined as? | Oxygen Content |
| What would shift the oxyhemoglobin curve to the right and facilitate O2 unloading in the tissue? | Acidosis |
| The normal adult male Hemoglobin measurement? | Hgb = 15gm/dl |
| A patient with a hemoglobin of 22 gm, is suffering from? | Polycythemia (High Hct) |
| Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is in the? | Hemoglobin as O2 Saturation |
| Blood PO2 levels actually measure the oxygen that is? | Dissolved in the plasma |
| What element in the hemoglobin molecule combines chemically with Oxygen? | Iron (Fe) |
| The percent of RBS's by volume in whole blood is known as? | Hematocrit |
| Normal adult male Hematocrit is? | 45%-52% |
| Arterial blood O2 Saturation | SaO2 |
| Arterial blood O2 Content | CaO2 |
| Partial pressure of arterial O2 | PaO2 |
| O2 consumption rate | VO2 |
| Inspired O2% | FIO2 |
| Gas exchange across the alveolar capillary membrane is accomplished by what mechanism? | Diffusion |
| The primary drive to breathing comes from the patient's | CO2 levels |
| If red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, they will? | Crenate |
| What is the shape of a normal red blood cell? | Biconcave disc |
| The chief receptor responsible for platelet aggregation is? | GP IIb IIIa |
| The protein threads that form the basis of a clot are? | Fibrin |
| What blood cells initiate clotting? | Platelets |
| What two proteins combine to form a blood clot? | Thrombin, Fibrinogen |
| List the Clotting cascade in order | Prothrombin->Thrombin-> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin Clot |
| Which process of hemostasis acts first to temporarily patch the inner walls of injured and/or bleeding vessels? | Platelet aggregation |
| Which factor speeds and enhances blood clotting? | Slow blood flow |
| The expected blood volume of an average 70 Kg adult is? | 5.6 Liters (8% of an adult body is Blood) |
| Blood "Type A" contains what factor on RBC membranes? | Antigen A |
| "Type A" blood plasma contains only ____ iso-agglutinin antibodies? | Antibody B |
| Which type of "ABO plasma antibodies" (agglutinins) would a person with "Type O" blood have? | A and B agglutinins |
| What blood type is the universal donor? | Type O |
| The Rh blood factor is a/an? | Antigen found on some blood cells |
| The main organ responsible for regulating acid base and electrolyte balance in the body is? | the Kidney |
| Oxygen chemically combined with hemoglobin for transport is termed? | Oxy-hemoglobin |
| Normal CO2 and O2 arterial blood gas tensions are? | PCO2 = 40 / PO2 = 80 |
| Bicarbonate functions as a base by? | Removing free H+ ions from a solution |
| Volatile acids are those that? | Give off gaseous products |
| Respiratory failure allows which of the following acids to accumulate in the blood? | Carbonic Acid |
| Kidneys affect arterial blood by controlling the? | HCO3 & O2 Sat |
| One by products of ANAEROBIC metabolism is? | Lactic Acid |
| How do elevated blood PCO2 and low pH levels effect oxygenation? | Increase oxygenation of tissues |
| Which acid base imbalance should be treated by increasing the patients respiratory rate and/or depth? | Respiratory Acidosis |
| Normal blood Potassium electrolyte levels are? | 3-5 mEq/L |
| Phagocytosis means? | Cell eating |
| What are the functions of Leukocytes? | Antibody production , Phagocytosis |
| What is a Leukocyte? | White Blood Cell (WBC) |
| The main function of the blood is? | Transportaion |
| Where are Erythrocytes produced? | Bone marrow |
| Each red blood cell lives approximately? | 120 days (4 months) |
| In a child, what percent of the body weight is composed of the blood volume? | 7% |
| Plasma contains what percent of water? | 92% |
| The average adult alveolar capillary surface area in the lungs is? | 50-70 M2 |
| Normal WBC count? | 5,000 - 9,000 /mm3 |
| Insulin secretion causes a? | Decrease in blood Glucose |
| Diabetic coma results from an excess accumulation in the blood of? | Ketones from rapid fat breakdown, causing acidosis |
| Blood component neither seen nor measured in a hematocrit is? | Thrombocytes |
| Red Blood Cells | Erythrocytes |
| White Blood Cells | Leucocytes |
| Platelets | Throbocytes |
| Blood exam that estimates the percentage of each type of white cell? | Differential blood count |
| Edema - | Abnormal accumulation of Fluid |
| Water diffuses across a membrane due to area of higher concentration is? | Osmosis |
| Important electrolyte serum level to monitor and watch when taking diuretic pills is? | Potassium. |
| A patient with CHF tends to retain excessive amounts of? | Sodium |
| Is sodium one cause for edema? | True |
| In the lateral chest X-ray, which structure is most posterior? | Coronary sinus |
| Occlusion of the mid RCA would cause infraction of the LV? | Inferior Wall (diaphragmatic surface) |
| What occlusion would result in RV Myocardial Infraction | Acute Marginal Occulusion |
| What small coronary artery frequently originates from a separate ostia within the right sinus of Valsalva? | Conus artery |
| Normally the second branch off the RCA (after the Conus Branch) is? | SA node |
| What area of the brain regulates peripheral vascular resistance? | Nucleus tractus Solitarus in the medulla |
| The sympathetic Nervous system originates from the___, and the parasympathetic (Vagal) originates from___. | T1-T12, 10th cranial |
| Vascular smooth muscle: | Alpha 1 |
| Heart muscle and AV node: | Beta 1 |
| Lung bronchioles: | Beta 2 |
| Lung broncho-dilation: | Beta - 2 adrenergic |
| Cardiac stimulation: | Beta - 1 adrenergic |
| Vasoconstriction: | Alpha adrenergic |
| Cardiac depression: | Cholinergic |
| Atropine: | Vagal Blocker |
| Propranolol (Inderol): | Beta Blocker |
| Norepinphrine: | Sympathomimetic |
| Acetylcholine: | Cholinergic |
| Which regulatory system plays the predominant role in the regulation of cutaneous flow? | Sympathetic Nervous |
| Stimulation of sympathetic nerves liberates____ as an end site chemical mediator. | Norepinephrine |
| Alterations in heart rate evoked by changes in blood pressure are dependent upon the baroreceptors located in the? | Aortic arch and Carotid sinuses |
| The main parasympathetic nerve that innervates the heart is the? | Vagus |
| The naturally occurring neurotransmitter at the parasympathetic nerve junction is? | Acetylcholine |
| List two common causes of vasovagal reaction; | Pain, Patient Anxiety |
| What is the primary effect of vagal nerve stimulation on the heart? | Decreased automaticity |
| Increased vagal tone causes? | -Inotropism, -Chronotropism |
| Atropine: | Parasympathetic Blocker (anti-cholinergic) |
| Standard dosage for Atropine given IV? | 0.5-1.0 mg every 3-5 mins & MAX of 2-3 mg |
| Stretch receptors in the Aortic arch are termed? | Baro-receptors |
| Baro-receptors are most sensitive to? | Blood pressure |
| With increased blood pressure sensed by the Baro-receptors, will cause? | Decrease in heart rate |
| Acidemia and Hypoxemia cause? | Vasodilation of systemic circ / Vasoconstriction of Pulmonary System |
| Where the most Vascular Resistance developes? | Arterioles |
| Where the Blood Flow through vessels is the SLOWEST? | Capilaries |
| What vessels have the Greatest cross sectional area? | Capilaries |
| What has the LARGEST mean blood pressure (gradient) occur? | Arterioles |
| In the supine individual, the lowest mean vascular blood pressure will be found in the? | Superior Vena Cava |
| The aortic dicrotic notch marks the beginning of ventricular? | LV diastole |
| Closure of the semilunar heart valves is associated with a hemodynamic? | Dicrotic notch |
| Kidney function test: | BUN (Blood urea Nitrogen) |
| Artery punctured for AO-gram: | CFA ( Common Femoral Artery) |
| Feeding tube to stomach: | NG (Nasogastric) |
| Artery supplying femur: | PFA (Profunda Femoral Artery) |
| Computerized digital X-ray imaging: | DSA (Digital Subtraction Angiography) |
| Thrombosis of leg veins: | DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) |
| Contrast injected IV: | IVP (Intravenous Pyelogram) |
| Artery to front of foot: | DP (Dorsalis Pedis) |
| Artery of the intestine: | SMA (Superior Mesenteric artery) |
| Radio-isotope scan of lung: | V/Q (Ventilation/Perfusion) |
| Vascular angioplasty: | PTA (Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty) |
| Abdominal film showing urinary system: | KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder) |
| Kidneys: | Renal |
| Lungs: | Bronchial |
| Intestines: | Mesenteric |
| Liver: | Portal/Hepatic |
| Diaphragm: | Phrenic |
| Brain: | Carotid |
| Legs: | Iliac |
| Arms: | Subclavian |
Created by:
IdAhOmEyEr
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