The Skeletal System
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| cranium | 8 cranial bones; axial skeleton region; form the chamber enclosing the brain; house the ear and form part of the eye socket
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| facial portion | 14 facial bones; axial skeleton region; form the face and chambers for sensory organs
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| hyoid | U-shaped bone under mandible (lower jaw); axial skeleton region; used for muscle attachments
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| ossicles | 3 ear bones; axial skeleton region; transmit sound waves through middle ear
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| vertebral column | 26 vertebrae; trunk region; enclose the spinal cord
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| sternum | the anterior bone of the thorax; trunk region
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| ribs | 12 pairs; enclose the organs of the thorax; trunk region
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| clavicle | part of the shoulder girdle; appendicular skeleton region; anterior, between sternum and scapula
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| scapula | part of the shoulder girdle; appendicular skeleton region; posterior, anchors muscles that move arm
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| humerus | part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; proximal arm bone
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| ulna | part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; medial bone of forearm
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| radius | part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; lateral bone of forearm
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| carpals | 8 bones; part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; wrist bones
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| metacarpals | 5 bones; part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; bones of palm
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| phalanges (upper) | 14 bones; part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; bones of fingers
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| os coxae | 2 pelvic bones; part of the pelvic bones; lower division region; join sacrum and coccyx of vertebral column to form the bony pelvis
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| femur | part of the lower extremity; lower division region; thigh bone
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| patella | part of the lower extremity; lower division region; kneecap
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| tibia | part of the lower extremity; lower division region; medial bone of leg
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| fibula | part of the lower extremity; lower division region; lateral bone of leg
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| tarsal bones | 7 bones; part of the lower extremity; lower division region; ankle bones; the large heel bone is the calcaneus
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| metatarsals | 5 bones; part of the lower extremity; lower division region; bones of instep
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| phalanges (lower) | 14 bones; part of the lower extremity; lower division region; bones of toes
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| acetabulum | The bony socket in the hip bone that holds the head of the femur (from the Latin word for vinegar because it resembles the base of a vinegar cruet)
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| articulation | A joint (adjective: articular)
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| atlas | The first cervical vertebra (root: atlant/o)
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| axis | The second cervical vertebra
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| bone | A calcified form of dense connective tissue; osseous tissue; also an individual unit of the skeleton made of such tissue (root: oste/o)
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| bone marrow | The soft material that fills bone cavities; yellow marrow fills the central cavity of the long bones; blood cell are formed in red bone marrow, which is located in spongy bone tissue (root: myel/o)
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| bursa | A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction near a joint (root: burs/o)
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| cartilage | A type of dense connective tissue that is found in the skeleton, larynx, trachea, and bronchi; it is the precursor to most bone tissue (root: chondr/o)
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| diarthrosis | A freely movable joint; also called a synovial joint (adjective: diarthrotic)
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| diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone
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| epiphyseal plate | The growth region of a long bone; located in the metaphysis, between the diaphysis and the epiphysis; when bone growth ceases, this area appears as the epiphyseal line; also spelled epiphysial
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| epiphysis | The irregularly shaped end of a long bone
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| ilium | The large, flared, superior portion of the pelvic bone (root: ili/o) (adjective: iliac)
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| joint | The junction between two bones; articulation (root: arthr/o)
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| ligament | A strong band of connective tissue that joins one bone to another
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| metaphysis | The region of a long bone between the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end); during development, the growing region of a long bone
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| ossification | The formation of bone tissue (from Latin os, meaning "bone")
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| osteoblast | A cell that produces bone tissue
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| osteoclast | A cell that destroys bone tissue
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| osteocyte | A mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue
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| pelvis | The large ring of bone at the inferior trunk formed of the two hip bones (ossa coxae) joined to the sacrum and coccyx; each os coxae is formed of three bones: the superior, flared ilium; ischium; and pubis (plural: pelves)
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| periosteum | The fibrous membrane that covers a bone's surface
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| resorption | Removal of bone by breakdown and absorption into the circulation
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| skeleton | The body's bony framework, consisting of 206 bones; (root: skelet/o)
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| suture | An immovable joint, such as the joints between the skull bones
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| symphysis | A slightly movable joint
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| synovial fluid | The fluid contained in a freely movable (diarthrotic) joint; synovia (root: synov/i)
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| synovial joint | A freely movable joint; has a joint cavity containing a synovial fluid; a diarthrosis
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| tendon | A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
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| thorax | The upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; formed by the 12 pairs of ribs and sternum
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| oste/o | bone
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| myel/o | bone marrow; also, spinal cord
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| chondr/o | cartilage
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| arthr/o | joint
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| synov/i | synovial fluid, joint, or membrane
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| burs/o | bursa
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| crani/o | skull, cranium
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| spondyl/o | vertebra
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| vertebr/o | vertebra, spinal column
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| rachi/o | spine
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| cost/o | rib
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| sacr/o | sacrum
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| coccy, coccyg/o | coccyx
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| pelvi/o | pelvis
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| ili/o | ilium
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| closed fracture | a simple fracture with no open wound
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| Colles fracture | fracture of the distal end of the radius with backward displacement of the hand
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| comminuted fracture | fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
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| compression fracture | fracture caused by force from both ends, as to a vertebra
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| greenstick fracture | one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent
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| impacted fracture | one fragment is driven into the other
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| oblique fracture | break occurs at an angle across the bone; usually one fragment slips by the other
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| open fracture | fracture is associated with an open wound, or broken bone protrudes through the skin
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| Pott fracture | fracture of the distal end of the fibula with injury to the tibial joint
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| spiral fracture | fracture is in a spiral or S shape; usually caused by twisting injuries
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| transverse fracture | a break at right angles to the long axis of a bone
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| ankylosing spondylitis | A chronic, progressive inflammatory disease involving the spinal joints and surrounding soft tissue, most common in young males; also called rheumatoid spondylitis
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| ankylosis | Immobility and fixation of a joint
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| arthritis | Inflammation of a joint
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| chondrosarcoma | A malignant tumor of cartilage
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| curvature of the spine | An exaggerated spinal curve, such as scoliosis, lordosis, or kyphosis
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| degenerative joint disease (DJD) | Osteoarthritis
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| fracture | A break in a bone; in a closed or simple fracture, the broken bone does not penetrate the skin; in an open fracture, there is an accompanying wound in the skin
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| gout | A form of acute arthritis, usually beginning in the knee or foot, caused by deposit of uric acid salts in the joints
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| herniated disk | Protrusion of the center (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal; ruptured or "slipped" disk
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| kyphosis | An exaggerated curve of the spine in the thoracic region; hunchback, humpback
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| lordosis | An exaggerated curve of the spine in the lumbar region; swayback
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| osteoarthritis (OA) | Progressive deterioration of joint cartilage with growth of new bone and soft tissue in and around the joint; the most common form of arthritis; results from wear and tear, injury, or disease; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD)
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| osteogenic sarcoma | A malignant bone tumor; osteosarcoma
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| osteomalacia | A softening and weakening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency or other disease
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| osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by infection, usually bacterial
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| osteopenia | A lower-than-average bone density, which may foreshadow osteoporosis
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| osteoporosis | A condition characterized by reduction in bone density, most common in white women past menopause; predisposing factors include poor diet, inactivity, and low estrogen levels
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| Paget disease | Skeletal disease of the elderly characterized by bone thickening and distortion with bowing of long bones; osteitis deformans
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| Pott disease | Inflammation of the vertebrae, usually caused by tuberculosis
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| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | A chronic autoimmune disease of unknown origin resulting in inflammation of peripheral joints and related structures; more common in women than in men
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| rheumatoid factor | A group of antibodies found in the blood in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases
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| rickets | Faulty bone formation in children, usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D
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| sciatica | Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, usually related to spinal nerve root irritation
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| scoliosis | A sideways curvature of the spine in any region
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| spondylolisthesis | A forward displacement of one vertebra over another (-listhesis means "a slipping")
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| spondylolysis | Degeneration of the articulating portions of a vertebra allowing for spinal distortion, specifically in the lumbar region
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| alkaline phosphatase | An enzyme needed in the formation of bone; serum activity of this enzyme is useful in diagnosis
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| arthrocentesis | Aspiration of fluid from a joint by needle puncture
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| arthrodesis | Surgical immobilization (fusion) of a joint; artificial ankylosis
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| arthroplasty | Partial or total replacement of a joint with a prosthesis
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| arthroscopy | Use of an endoscope to examine the interior of a joint or to perform surgery on the joint; the instrument used is an arthroscope
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| diskectomy | Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disk; also spelled discectomy
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| orthopedics | The study and treatment of disorders of the skeleton, muscles, and associated structures; literally "straight" (ortho) "child" (ped); also spelled orthopaedics
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| reduction of a fracture | Return of a fractured bone to a normal position; may be closed (not requiring surgery) or open (requiring surgery)
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| traction | The process of drawing or pulling, such as traction of the head in the treatment of injuries to the cervical vertebrae
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| antiinflammatory agent | Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, such as hydrocortisone, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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| bisphosphonate | Agent used to prevent and treat osteoporosis; increases bone mass by decreasing bone turnover; examples are alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva)
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| nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) | Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples include aspirin and ibuprofen and other inhibitors of prostaglandins, naturally produced substances that promote inflammation
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| selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) | Drug that acts on estrogen receptors; raloxifene (Evista) is used to prevent bone loss after menopause; other SERMs are used to prevent and treat estrogen-sensitive breast cancer
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| annulus fibrosus | annulus fibrosus
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| calvaria | The dome-like upper portion of the skull
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| coxa | Hip
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| cruciate ligaments | Ligaments that cross in the knee joint to connect the tibia and fibula; they are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL); cruciate means "shaped like a cross"
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| genu | The knee
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| glenoid cavity | The bony socket in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus
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| hallux | The great toe
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| malleolus | The projection of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle
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| meniscus | Crescent-shaped disk of cartilage found in certain joints, such as the knee joint; in the knee, the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus separate the tibia and femur; meniscus means "crescent;" (plural: menisci)
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| nucleus pulposus | The central mass of an intervertebral disk
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| olecranon | The process of the ulna that forms the elbow
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| os | Bone (plural: ossa)
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| osseous | Pertaining to bone
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| symphysis pubis | The anterior pelvic joint, formed by the union of the two pubic bones; also called pubic symphysis
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| achondroplasia | Decreased growth of cartilage in the growth plate of long bones resulting in dwarfism; a genetic disorder
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| Baker cyst | Mass formed at the knee joint by distention of a bursa with excess synovial fluid resulting from chronic irritation
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| bunion | Inflammation and enlargement of the metatarsal joint of the great toe, usually with displacement of the great toe toward the other toes
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| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid-filled sac near a joint; causes include injury, irritation, and joint disease; the shoulder, hip, elbow, and knee are common in sites
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| carpal tunnel syndrome | Numbness and weakness of the hand caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through a channel formed by carpal bones
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| chondroma | A benign tumor of cartilage
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| Ewing tumor | A bone tumor that usually appears in children 5 to 15 years of age; it begins in the shaft of a bone and spreads readily to other bones; it may respond to radiation therapy but then returns; also called Ewing sarcoma
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| exostosis | A bony outgrowth from the surface of a bone
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| giant cell tumor | A bone tumor that usually appears in children and young adults; the end of the bones are destroyed, commonly at the knee, by a large mass that does not metastasize
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| hammertoe | Change in position of the toe joints so that the toe takes on a claw-like appearance and the first joint protrudes upward, causing irritation and pain on walking
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| hallux valgus | Painful condition involving lateral displacement of the great toe at the metatarsal joint; there is also enlargement of the metatarsal head and bunion formation
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| Heberden nodes | Small, hard nodules formed in the cartilage of the distal finger joints in osteoarthritis
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| hemarthrosis | Bleeding into a joint cavity
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| Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease | Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the femur's proximal growth center; the bone is eventually restored, but there may be deformity and weakness; most common in young boys; also called coxa plana
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| multiple myeloma | A cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow
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| neurogenic arthropathy | Degenerative joint disease caused by impaired nervous stimulation; most common cause is diabetes mellitus; Charcot arthropaxy
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| Osgood-Schlatter disease | Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the tibia's proximal growth center causing pain and tendinitis at the knee
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| osteochondroma | A benign tumor consisting of cartilage and bone
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| osteochondrosis | Disease of a bone's growth center in children; tissue degeneration is followed by recalcification
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| osteodystrophy | Abnormal bone development
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| osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) | A hereditary disease resulting in the formation of brittle bones that fracture easily; there is faulty synthesis of collagen, the main structural protein in connective tissue
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| osteoma | A benign bone tumor that usually remains small and localized
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| Reiter syndrome | Chronic polyarthritis that usually affects young men; occurs after a bacterial infection and is common in those infected with HIV; may also involve the eyes and genitourinary tract
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| spondylosis | Degeneration and ankylosis of the vertebrae resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots; often applied to any degenerative lesion of the spine
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| subluxation | A partial dislocation
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| talipes | A deformity of the foot, especially one occurring congenitally; clubfoot
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| valgus | Bent outward
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| varus | Bent inward
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| von Recklinghausen disease | Loss of bone tissue caused by increased parathyroid hormone; bones become decalcified and deformed and fracture easily
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| allograft | Graft of tissue between individuals of the same species but different genetic makeup; homograft, allogeneic graft
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| arthroclasia | Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
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| aspiration | Removal by suction, as removal of fluid from a body cavity; also inhalation, such as accidental inhalation of material into the respiratory tract
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| autograft | Graft of tissue taken from a site on or in the body of the person receiving the graft; autologous graft
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| chondroitin | A complex polysaccharide found in connective tissue; used as a dietary supplement, usually with glucosamine, for treatment of joint pain
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| glucosamine | A dietary supplement used in the treatment of joint pain
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| goniometer | A device used to measure joint angles and movements (root goni/o means "angle")
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| iontophoresis | Introduction into the tissue by means of electric current, using the ions of a given drug; used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
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| laminectomy | Excision of the posterior arch (lamina) of a vertebra
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| menisectomy | Removal of the crescent-shaped cartilage (meniscus) of the knee joint
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| myelogram | Radiograph of the spinal canal after injection of a radiopaque dye; used to evaluate a herniated disk
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| osteoplasty | Scraping and removal of damaged bone from a joint
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| prosthesis | An artificial organ or part, such as an artificial limb
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| condyle | smooth, rounded protuberance at a joint
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| crest | raised, narrow ridge
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| epicondyle | projection above a condyle
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| facet | small, flattened surface
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| foramen | rounded opening
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| fossa | hollow cavity
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| meatus | passage or channel, such as a long channel within a bone; also the external opening of a canal, such as the urinary meatus
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| process | projection
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| sinus | a space or channel, such as the air-filled spaces in certain skull bones
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| spine | sharp projection
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| trochanter | large, blunt projection as at the top of the femur
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| tubercle | small, rounded projection
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| tuberosity | large, rounded projection
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| ACL | Anterior cruciate ligament
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| AE | Above the elbow
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| AK | Above the knee
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| ASF | Anterior spinal fusion
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| BE | Below the elbow, also barium enema
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| BK | Below the knee
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| BMD | Bone mineral density
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| C | Cervical vertebra; numbered C1 to C7
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| Co | Coccyx; coccygeal
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| DEXA | Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (scan)
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| DIP | Distal interphalangeal (joint)
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| DJD | Degenerative joint disease
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| Fx | Fracture
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| HNP | Herniated nucleus pulposus
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| IM | Intramedullary, also intramuscular
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| L | Lumbar vertebra; numbered L1 to L5
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| MCP | Metacarpophalangeal (joint)
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| MTP | Metarsophalangeal (joint)
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| NSAID(s) | Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(s)
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| OA | Osteoarthritis
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| OI | Osteogenesis imperfecta
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| ORIF | Open reduction internal fixation
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| ortho, ORTH | Orthopedics
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| PCL | Posterior cruciate ligament
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| PIP | Proximal interphalangeal (joint)
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| PSF | Posterior spinal fusion
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| RA | Rheumatoid arthritis
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| S | Sacrum; sacral
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| SERM | Selective estrogen receptor modulator
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| T | Thoracic vertebra; numbered T1 to T12
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| THA | Total hip arthroplasty
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| THP | Total hip precautions
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| THR | Total hip replacement
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| TKA | Total knee arthroplasty
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| TMJ | Temporomandibular joint
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| Tx | Traction
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