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Chapter 19, MedTerms
The Skeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cranium | 8 cranial bones; axial skeleton region; form the chamber enclosing the brain; house the ear and form part of the eye socket |
| facial portion | 14 facial bones; axial skeleton region; form the face and chambers for sensory organs |
| hyoid | U-shaped bone under mandible (lower jaw); axial skeleton region; used for muscle attachments |
| ossicles | 3 ear bones; axial skeleton region; transmit sound waves through middle ear |
| vertebral column | 26 vertebrae; trunk region; enclose the spinal cord |
| sternum | the anterior bone of the thorax; trunk region |
| ribs | 12 pairs; enclose the organs of the thorax; trunk region |
| clavicle | part of the shoulder girdle; appendicular skeleton region; anterior, between sternum and scapula |
| scapula | part of the shoulder girdle; appendicular skeleton region; posterior, anchors muscles that move arm |
| humerus | part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; proximal arm bone |
| ulna | part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; medial bone of forearm |
| radius | part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; lateral bone of forearm |
| carpals | 8 bones; part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; wrist bones |
| metacarpals | 5 bones; part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; bones of palm |
| phalanges (upper) | 14 bones; part of the upper extremity; appendicular skeleton region; bones of fingers |
| os coxae | 2 pelvic bones; part of the pelvic bones; lower division region; join sacrum and coccyx of vertebral column to form the bony pelvis |
| femur | part of the lower extremity; lower division region; thigh bone |
| patella | part of the lower extremity; lower division region; kneecap |
| tibia | part of the lower extremity; lower division region; medial bone of leg |
| fibula | part of the lower extremity; lower division region; lateral bone of leg |
| tarsal bones | 7 bones; part of the lower extremity; lower division region; ankle bones; the large heel bone is the calcaneus |
| metatarsals | 5 bones; part of the lower extremity; lower division region; bones of instep |
| phalanges (lower) | 14 bones; part of the lower extremity; lower division region; bones of toes |
| acetabulum | The bony socket in the hip bone that holds the head of the femur (from the Latin word for vinegar because it resembles the base of a vinegar cruet) |
| articulation | A joint (adjective: articular) |
| atlas | The first cervical vertebra (root: atlant/o) |
| axis | The second cervical vertebra |
| bone | A calcified form of dense connective tissue; osseous tissue; also an individual unit of the skeleton made of such tissue (root: oste/o) |
| bone marrow | The soft material that fills bone cavities; yellow marrow fills the central cavity of the long bones; blood cell are formed in red bone marrow, which is located in spongy bone tissue (root: myel/o) |
| bursa | A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction near a joint (root: burs/o) |
| cartilage | A type of dense connective tissue that is found in the skeleton, larynx, trachea, and bronchi; it is the precursor to most bone tissue (root: chondr/o) |
| diarthrosis | A freely movable joint; also called a synovial joint (adjective: diarthrotic) |
| diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone |
| epiphyseal plate | The growth region of a long bone; located in the metaphysis, between the diaphysis and the epiphysis; when bone growth ceases, this area appears as the epiphyseal line; also spelled epiphysial |
| epiphysis | The irregularly shaped end of a long bone |
| ilium | The large, flared, superior portion of the pelvic bone (root: ili/o) (adjective: iliac) |
| joint | The junction between two bones; articulation (root: arthr/o) |
| ligament | A strong band of connective tissue that joins one bone to another |
| metaphysis | The region of a long bone between the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end); during development, the growing region of a long bone |
| ossification | The formation of bone tissue (from Latin os, meaning "bone") |
| osteoblast | A cell that produces bone tissue |
| osteoclast | A cell that destroys bone tissue |
| osteocyte | A mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue |
| pelvis | The large ring of bone at the inferior trunk formed of the two hip bones (ossa coxae) joined to the sacrum and coccyx; each os coxae is formed of three bones: the superior, flared ilium; ischium; and pubis (plural: pelves) |
| periosteum | The fibrous membrane that covers a bone's surface |
| resorption | Removal of bone by breakdown and absorption into the circulation |
| skeleton | The body's bony framework, consisting of 206 bones; (root: skelet/o) |
| suture | An immovable joint, such as the joints between the skull bones |
| symphysis | A slightly movable joint |
| synovial fluid | The fluid contained in a freely movable (diarthrotic) joint; synovia (root: synov/i) |
| synovial joint | A freely movable joint; has a joint cavity containing a synovial fluid; a diarthrosis |
| tendon | A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone |
| thorax | The upper part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; formed by the 12 pairs of ribs and sternum |
| oste/o | bone |
| myel/o | bone marrow; also, spinal cord |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| arthr/o | joint |
| synov/i | synovial fluid, joint, or membrane |
| burs/o | bursa |
| crani/o | skull, cranium |
| spondyl/o | vertebra |
| vertebr/o | vertebra, spinal column |
| rachi/o | spine |
| cost/o | rib |
| sacr/o | sacrum |
| coccy, coccyg/o | coccyx |
| pelvi/o | pelvis |
| ili/o | ilium |
| closed fracture | a simple fracture with no open wound |
| Colles fracture | fracture of the distal end of the radius with backward displacement of the hand |
| comminuted fracture | fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed |
| compression fracture | fracture caused by force from both ends, as to a vertebra |
| greenstick fracture | one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent |
| impacted fracture | one fragment is driven into the other |
| oblique fracture | break occurs at an angle across the bone; usually one fragment slips by the other |
| open fracture | fracture is associated with an open wound, or broken bone protrudes through the skin |
| Pott fracture | fracture of the distal end of the fibula with injury to the tibial joint |
| spiral fracture | fracture is in a spiral or S shape; usually caused by twisting injuries |
| transverse fracture | a break at right angles to the long axis of a bone |
| ankylosing spondylitis | A chronic, progressive inflammatory disease involving the spinal joints and surrounding soft tissue, most common in young males; also called rheumatoid spondylitis |
| ankylosis | Immobility and fixation of a joint |
| arthritis | Inflammation of a joint |
| chondrosarcoma | A malignant tumor of cartilage |
| curvature of the spine | An exaggerated spinal curve, such as scoliosis, lordosis, or kyphosis |
| degenerative joint disease (DJD) | Osteoarthritis |
| fracture | A break in a bone; in a closed or simple fracture, the broken bone does not penetrate the skin; in an open fracture, there is an accompanying wound in the skin |
| gout | A form of acute arthritis, usually beginning in the knee or foot, caused by deposit of uric acid salts in the joints |
| herniated disk | Protrusion of the center (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal; ruptured or "slipped" disk |
| kyphosis | An exaggerated curve of the spine in the thoracic region; hunchback, humpback |
| lordosis | An exaggerated curve of the spine in the lumbar region; swayback |
| osteoarthritis (OA) | Progressive deterioration of joint cartilage with growth of new bone and soft tissue in and around the joint; the most common form of arthritis; results from wear and tear, injury, or disease; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
| osteogenic sarcoma | A malignant bone tumor; osteosarcoma |
| osteomalacia | A softening and weakening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency or other disease |
| osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by infection, usually bacterial |
| osteopenia | A lower-than-average bone density, which may foreshadow osteoporosis |
| osteoporosis | A condition characterized by reduction in bone density, most common in white women past menopause; predisposing factors include poor diet, inactivity, and low estrogen levels |
| Paget disease | Skeletal disease of the elderly characterized by bone thickening and distortion with bowing of long bones; osteitis deformans |
| Pott disease | Inflammation of the vertebrae, usually caused by tuberculosis |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | A chronic autoimmune disease of unknown origin resulting in inflammation of peripheral joints and related structures; more common in women than in men |
| rheumatoid factor | A group of antibodies found in the blood in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases |
| rickets | Faulty bone formation in children, usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D |
| sciatica | Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, usually related to spinal nerve root irritation |
| scoliosis | A sideways curvature of the spine in any region |
| spondylolisthesis | A forward displacement of one vertebra over another (-listhesis means "a slipping") |
| spondylolysis | Degeneration of the articulating portions of a vertebra allowing for spinal distortion, specifically in the lumbar region |
| alkaline phosphatase | An enzyme needed in the formation of bone; serum activity of this enzyme is useful in diagnosis |
| arthrocentesis | Aspiration of fluid from a joint by needle puncture |
| arthrodesis | Surgical immobilization (fusion) of a joint; artificial ankylosis |
| arthroplasty | Partial or total replacement of a joint with a prosthesis |
| arthroscopy | Use of an endoscope to examine the interior of a joint or to perform surgery on the joint; the instrument used is an arthroscope |
| diskectomy | Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disk; also spelled discectomy |
| orthopedics | The study and treatment of disorders of the skeleton, muscles, and associated structures; literally "straight" (ortho) "child" (ped); also spelled orthopaedics |
| reduction of a fracture | Return of a fractured bone to a normal position; may be closed (not requiring surgery) or open (requiring surgery) |
| traction | The process of drawing or pulling, such as traction of the head in the treatment of injuries to the cervical vertebrae |
| antiinflammatory agent | Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, such as hydrocortisone, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
| bisphosphonate | Agent used to prevent and treat osteoporosis; increases bone mass by decreasing bone turnover; examples are alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva) |
| nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) | Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples include aspirin and ibuprofen and other inhibitors of prostaglandins, naturally produced substances that promote inflammation |
| selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) | Drug that acts on estrogen receptors; raloxifene (Evista) is used to prevent bone loss after menopause; other SERMs are used to prevent and treat estrogen-sensitive breast cancer |
| annulus fibrosus | annulus fibrosus |
| calvaria | The dome-like upper portion of the skull |
| coxa | Hip |
| cruciate ligaments | Ligaments that cross in the knee joint to connect the tibia and fibula; they are the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL); cruciate means "shaped like a cross" |
| genu | The knee |
| glenoid cavity | The bony socket in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus |
| hallux | The great toe |
| malleolus | The projection of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle |
| meniscus | Crescent-shaped disk of cartilage found in certain joints, such as the knee joint; in the knee, the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus separate the tibia and femur; meniscus means "crescent;" (plural: menisci) |
| nucleus pulposus | The central mass of an intervertebral disk |
| olecranon | The process of the ulna that forms the elbow |
| os | Bone (plural: ossa) |
| osseous | Pertaining to bone |
| symphysis pubis | The anterior pelvic joint, formed by the union of the two pubic bones; also called pubic symphysis |
| achondroplasia | Decreased growth of cartilage in the growth plate of long bones resulting in dwarfism; a genetic disorder |
| Baker cyst | Mass formed at the knee joint by distention of a bursa with excess synovial fluid resulting from chronic irritation |
| bunion | Inflammation and enlargement of the metatarsal joint of the great toe, usually with displacement of the great toe toward the other toes |
| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid-filled sac near a joint; causes include injury, irritation, and joint disease; the shoulder, hip, elbow, and knee are common in sites |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | Numbness and weakness of the hand caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through a channel formed by carpal bones |
| chondroma | A benign tumor of cartilage |
| Ewing tumor | A bone tumor that usually appears in children 5 to 15 years of age; it begins in the shaft of a bone and spreads readily to other bones; it may respond to radiation therapy but then returns; also called Ewing sarcoma |
| exostosis | A bony outgrowth from the surface of a bone |
| giant cell tumor | A bone tumor that usually appears in children and young adults; the end of the bones are destroyed, commonly at the knee, by a large mass that does not metastasize |
| hammertoe | Change in position of the toe joints so that the toe takes on a claw-like appearance and the first joint protrudes upward, causing irritation and pain on walking |
| hallux valgus | Painful condition involving lateral displacement of the great toe at the metatarsal joint; there is also enlargement of the metatarsal head and bunion formation |
| Heberden nodes | Small, hard nodules formed in the cartilage of the distal finger joints in osteoarthritis |
| hemarthrosis | Bleeding into a joint cavity |
| Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease | Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the femur's proximal growth center; the bone is eventually restored, but there may be deformity and weakness; most common in young boys; also called coxa plana |
| multiple myeloma | A cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow |
| neurogenic arthropathy | Degenerative joint disease caused by impaired nervous stimulation; most common cause is diabetes mellitus; Charcot arthropaxy |
| Osgood-Schlatter disease | Degeneration (osteochondrosis) of the tibia's proximal growth center causing pain and tendinitis at the knee |
| osteochondroma | A benign tumor consisting of cartilage and bone |
| osteochondrosis | Disease of a bone's growth center in children; tissue degeneration is followed by recalcification |
| osteodystrophy | Abnormal bone development |
| osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) | A hereditary disease resulting in the formation of brittle bones that fracture easily; there is faulty synthesis of collagen, the main structural protein in connective tissue |
| osteoma | A benign bone tumor that usually remains small and localized |
| Reiter syndrome | Chronic polyarthritis that usually affects young men; occurs after a bacterial infection and is common in those infected with HIV; may also involve the eyes and genitourinary tract |
| spondylosis | Degeneration and ankylosis of the vertebrae resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots; often applied to any degenerative lesion of the spine |
| subluxation | A partial dislocation |
| talipes | A deformity of the foot, especially one occurring congenitally; clubfoot |
| valgus | Bent outward |
| varus | Bent inward |
| von Recklinghausen disease | Loss of bone tissue caused by increased parathyroid hormone; bones become decalcified and deformed and fracture easily |
| allograft | Graft of tissue between individuals of the same species but different genetic makeup; homograft, allogeneic graft |
| arthroclasia | Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement |
| aspiration | Removal by suction, as removal of fluid from a body cavity; also inhalation, such as accidental inhalation of material into the respiratory tract |
| autograft | Graft of tissue taken from a site on or in the body of the person receiving the graft; autologous graft |
| chondroitin | A complex polysaccharide found in connective tissue; used as a dietary supplement, usually with glucosamine, for treatment of joint pain |
| glucosamine | A dietary supplement used in the treatment of joint pain |
| goniometer | A device used to measure joint angles and movements (root goni/o means "angle") |
| iontophoresis | Introduction into the tissue by means of electric current, using the ions of a given drug; used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders |
| laminectomy | Excision of the posterior arch (lamina) of a vertebra |
| menisectomy | Removal of the crescent-shaped cartilage (meniscus) of the knee joint |
| myelogram | Radiograph of the spinal canal after injection of a radiopaque dye; used to evaluate a herniated disk |
| osteoplasty | Scraping and removal of damaged bone from a joint |
| prosthesis | An artificial organ or part, such as an artificial limb |
| condyle | smooth, rounded protuberance at a joint |
| crest | raised, narrow ridge |
| epicondyle | projection above a condyle |
| facet | small, flattened surface |
| foramen | rounded opening |
| fossa | hollow cavity |
| meatus | passage or channel, such as a long channel within a bone; also the external opening of a canal, such as the urinary meatus |
| process | projection |
| sinus | a space or channel, such as the air-filled spaces in certain skull bones |
| spine | sharp projection |
| trochanter | large, blunt projection as at the top of the femur |
| tubercle | small, rounded projection |
| tuberosity | large, rounded projection |
| ACL | Anterior cruciate ligament |
| AE | Above the elbow |
| AK | Above the knee |
| ASF | Anterior spinal fusion |
| BE | Below the elbow, also barium enema |
| BK | Below the knee |
| BMD | Bone mineral density |
| C | Cervical vertebra; numbered C1 to C7 |
| Co | Coccyx; coccygeal |
| DEXA | Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (scan) |
| DIP | Distal interphalangeal (joint) |
| DJD | Degenerative joint disease |
| Fx | Fracture |
| HNP | Herniated nucleus pulposus |
| IM | Intramedullary, also intramuscular |
| L | Lumbar vertebra; numbered L1 to L5 |
| MCP | Metacarpophalangeal (joint) |
| MTP | Metarsophalangeal (joint) |
| NSAID(s) | Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug(s) |
| OA | Osteoarthritis |
| OI | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
| ORIF | Open reduction internal fixation |
| ortho, ORTH | Orthopedics |
| PCL | Posterior cruciate ligament |
| PIP | Proximal interphalangeal (joint) |
| PSF | Posterior spinal fusion |
| RA | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| S | Sacrum; sacral |
| SERM | Selective estrogen receptor modulator |
| T | Thoracic vertebra; numbered T1 to T12 |
| THA | Total hip arthroplasty |
| THP | Total hip precautions |
| THR | Total hip replacement |
| TKA | Total knee arthroplasty |
| TMJ | Temporomandibular joint |
| Tx | Traction |
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