Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Terms
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| adnexa | Accessory parts of a structure
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| atresia | Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening, such as the vagina
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| choriocarcinoma | Malignant neoplasm of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
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| contraceptive diaphragm | Contraceptive device consisting of a hemisphere of thin rubber bonded to a flexible ring; inserted into the vagina together with spermicidal jelly or cream up to 2 hours before coitus so that spermatozoa cannot enter the uterus, thus preventing conception
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| corpus luteum | Ovarian scar tissue that results from rupturing of a follicle during ovulation and becomes a small yellow body that produces progesterone after ovulation
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| dyspareunia | Occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse
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| endocervicitis | Inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri
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| fibroids | Benign uterine tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue; also called leiomyomas (myomas) and fibromyomata uteri
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| infertility | Inability or diminished ability to produce offspring
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| hormonal contraception | Use of hormones to suppress ovulation and prevent conception
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| oral contraceptive pills | Birth control pills containing estrogen and progesterone in varying proportions
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| menarche | Beginning of menstrual function
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| oligomenorrhea | Scanty or infrequent menstrual flow
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| perineum | Region between the vulva and anus that constitutes the pelvic floor
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| puberty | Period during which secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained
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| pyosalpinx | Pus in the fallopian tube
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| retroversion | Turning or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ, such as the uterus, being tipped from its normal position
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| sterility | Inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female
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| vaginismus | Painful spasm of the vagina from contraction of its surrounding muscles
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| viable | Capable of sustaining life; denotes a fetus sufficiently developed to live outside of the uterus
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| abortion | Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving
outside the uterus
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| abruptio placentae | Premature separation of a normally situated placenta
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| amnion | Membrane, continuous with and covering the fetal side of the placenta, that forms the outer surface of the umbilical cord
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| breech presentation | Common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than the head
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| Down syndrome, trisomy 21 | Congenital condition characterized by physical malformations and some degree of mental retardation
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| dystocia | Difficult labor, which may be produced by the large size of the fetus or the small size of the pelvic outlet
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| eclampsia | Most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy
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| ectopic pregnancy | Pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum does not reach the uterine cavity but becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity, such as a fallopian tube, an ovary, the abdomen, or even the cervix uteri
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| gravida | Pregnant woman
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| multigravida | Woman who has been pregnant more than once
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| multipara | Woman who has delivered more than one viable infant
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| para | Woman who has given birth to one or more viable infants
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| parturition | Process of giving birth
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| pelvimetry | Measurement of pelvic dimensions to determine whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass through the bony pelvis during the delivery process
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| placenta previa | Condition in which the placenta is attached near the cervix and ruptures prematurely, with spotting as the early symptom
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| primigravida | Woman pregnant for the first time
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| primipara | Woman who has given birth to one viable infant, her first child, indicated by the notation para I on the patient’s chart
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| puerperium | Period of 42 days after childbirth and expulsion of the placenta and membranes, during which the reproductive organs usually return to normal
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| amniocentesis | Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance using a needle and syringe to remove amniotic fluid
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| insufflation | Delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual examination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication
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| tubal | Test for patency of the uterine tubes made by transuterine insufflation with carbon dioxide; also called Rubin test
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| colposcopy | Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)
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| laparoscopy | Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus
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| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | Sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects
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| endometrial biopsy | Removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study
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| Papanicolaou (Pap) test | Cytological study used to detect abnormal cells sloughed from the cervix and vagina, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination
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| mammography | Radiographic examination of the breast to screen for breast cancer
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| hysterosalpingography | Radiography of the uterus and uterine tubes (oviducts) following injection of a contrast medium
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| ultrasonography (US) | Process by which high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) produce and display an image from reflected “echoes” on a monitor; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
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| pelvic | US of the pelvic region used to evaluate abnormalities in the female reproductive system as well as the fetus in the obstetric patient
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| transvaginal | US of the pelvic area performed with a probe inserted into the vagina, which provides sharper images of pathological and normal structures within the pelvis
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| breast implant revision | Surgery designed to correct an unsuccessful procedure that has created a cosmetic problem or poses a health risk
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| cerclage | Suturing the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion. The sutures are removed prior to delivery
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| cesarean birth | Incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus; also called C-section
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| colpocleisis | Surgical closure of the vaginal canal
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| conization | Excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix, for histological examination
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| cordocentesis | Sampling of fetal blood drawn from the umbilical vein and performed under ultrasound guidance
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| cryosurgery | Process of freezing tissue to destroy cells; also called cryocautery
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| dilatation and curettage (D&C) | Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette
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| episiorrhaphy | Repair of a lacerated vulva or an episiotomy
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| episiotomy | Incision of the perineum from the vaginal orifice usually done to prevent tearing of the tissue and to facilitate childbirth
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| hysterectomy | Excision of the uterus
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| subtotal | Hysterectomy where the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes remain
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| total | Hysterectomy where the cervix is removed but the ovaries and fallopian tubes remain; also called complete hysterectomy
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| total plus bilateral salpingooophorectomy | Total (complete) hysterectomy, including uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
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| intrauterine device | Plastic or metal object placed inside the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterine lining
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| lumpectomy | Excision of a small primary breast tumor (a “lump”) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
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| mammoplasty | Surgical reconstruction of the breast(s) to change the size, shape, or position
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| augmentation | Breast enlargement to increase breast size or to replace one that has been
surgically removed
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| reduction | Breast reduction to reduce the size of a large, pendulous breast
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| mastectomy | Excision of the entire breast
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| total (simple) | Excision of the entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin; also called simple mastectomy
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| modified radical | Excision of the entire breast, including the lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)
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| radical | Excision of the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast
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| myomectomy | Excision of a myomatous tumor, generally uterine
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| reconstructive breast surgery | Reconstruction of a breast that has been removed because of cancer or other disease
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| tissue (skin) expansion | Common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is injected to increase size, and the expander is then replaced with a more permanent implant
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| transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap | Surgical creation of a skin flap using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen which is passed under the skin to the breast area. The abdominal tissue (flap) is shaped into a natural-looking breast and sutured into place
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| salpingo-oophorectomy | Excision of an ovary and fallopian tube
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| tubal ligation | Procedure that ties (ligates) the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy
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