The Urinary System
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine
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| angiotensin | A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys
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| calyx | A cup-like cavity in the pelvis of the kidney; also calix (plural: calices) (roots: cali/o, calic/o)
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| diuresis | Excretion of urine; usually meaning increased urinary excretion
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| diuretic | A substance that increases the excretion of urine; pertaining to diuresis
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| erythropoietin (EPO) | A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
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| glomerular capsule | The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of the blood; Bowman capsule
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| glomerular filtrate | The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron through the glomerular capsule
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| glomerulus | The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule (plural: glomeruli) (root: glomerul/o)
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| kidney | An organ of excretion (roots: ren/o, nephr/o); the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine, which contains metabolic waste products and other substances as needed to regulate the water, electrolyte, and pH balance of body fluids
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| micturition | The voiding of urine; urination
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| nephron | A microscopic functional unit of the kidney; working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the composition of urine
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| renal cortex | The kidney's outer portion; contains portions of the nephrons
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| renal medulla | The kidney's inner portion; contains portions of the nephrons and ducts that transport urine toward the renal pelvis
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| renal pelvis | The expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney (Greek root pyel/o means "basin")
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| renal pyramid | A triangular structure in the renal medulla; composed of the nephrons' loops and collecting ducts
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| renin | An enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood
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| trigone | A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra
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| tubular reabsorption | The return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peritubular capillaries
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| urea | The main nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) waste product in the urine
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| ureter | The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder (root: ureter/o)
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| urethra | The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (root: urethr/o)
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| urinary bladder | The organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys (roots: cyst/o, vesic/o)
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| urination | The voiding of urine; micturition
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| urine | The fluid excreted by the kidneys; it consists of water, electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigments; a variety of other substances may appear in urine in cases of disease (root: ur/o)
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| ren/o | kidney
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| nephr/o | kidney
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| glomerul/o | glomerulus
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| pyel/o | renal pelvis
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| cali/o, calic/o | calyx
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| ur/o | urine, urinary tract
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| urin/o | urine
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| ureter/o | ureter
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| cyst/o | urinary bladder
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| vesic/o | urinary bladder
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| urethr/o | urethra
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| acidosis | Excessive acidity of body fluids
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| acute renal failure | Loss of kidney function resulting from damage to the nephrons; causes may be injury, shock, toxins, or infections, among others
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| bacteriuria | Presence of bacteria in the urine
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| cast | A solid mold of a renal tubule found in the urine
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| cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of infection
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| dysuria | Painful or difficult urination
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| glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney, primarily involving the glomeruli; the acute form usually occurs after an infection elsewhere in the body; the chronic form varies in cause and usually leads to renal failure
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| hematuria | Presence of blood in the urine
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| hydronephrosis | Collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction; results in distention and renal atrophy
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| hypokalemia | Deficiency of potassium in the blood
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| hyponatremia | Deficiency of sodium in the blood
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| hypoproteinemia | Decreased amount of protein in the blood; may be caused by kidney damage resulting in protein loss
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| hyperkalemia | Excess amount of potassium in the blood
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| hypernatremia | Excess amount of sodium in the blood
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| nephrotic syndrome | Condition that results from glomerular damage leading to loss of protein in the urine (proteinuria); there is low plasma protein (hypoproteinemia), edema, and increased blood lipids as the liver releases lipoproteins; also called nephrosis
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| oliguria | Elimination of small amounts of urine
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| proteinuria | Presence of protein, mainly albumin, in the urine
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| pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually caused by infection
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| pyuria | Presence of pus in the urine
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| renal colic | Radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a stone
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| uremia | Presence of toxic levels of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of renal insufficiency
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| urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra, usually due to infection
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| urinary stasis | Stoppage of urine flow; urinary stagnation
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| catheterization | Introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine
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| cystoscope | An instrument for examining the interior of the urinary bladder; also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery, and for other forms of treatment
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| dialysis | Separation of substances by passage through a semipermeable membrane; dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing; the two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
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| hemodialysis | Removal of unwanted substances from the blood by passage through a semipermeable membrane
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| intravenous pyelography (IVP) | Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine; also called excretory urography or intravenous urography
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| intravenous urography (IVU) | Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine; also called excretory urography or intravenous pyelography
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| lithotripsy | Crushing of a stone
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| peritoneal dialysis | Removal of unwanted substances from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid
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| retrograde pyelography | Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below by way of the ureters
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| specific gravity (SG) | The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water; the specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025; this value may increase or decrease in disease
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| urinalysis (UA) | Laboratory study of the urine; physical and chemical properties and microscopic appearance are included
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| cystectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
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| ileal conduit | Diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum; one end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall; a procedure used when the bladder is removed or nonfunctional
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| lithotomy | Incision of an organ to remove a stone (calculus)
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| renal transplantation | Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient
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| aldosterone | A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
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| clearance | The volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a substance per unit of time; renal plasma clearance
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| creatinine | A nitrogenous byproduct of muscle metabolism; an increase in blood creatinine is a sign of renal failure
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| detrusor muscle | The muscle in the bladder wall
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| glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | The amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys
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| maximal transport capacity (Tm) | The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported across the renal tulbule; tubular maximum
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| renal corpuscle | The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney
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| anuresis | Lack of urination
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| anuria | Lack of urine formation
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| azotemia | Presence of increased nitrogenous waste, especially urea, in the blood
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| azoturia | Presence of increased nitrogenous compounds, especially urea, in the urine
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| cystocele | Herniation of the bladder into the vagina; vesicocele
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| dehydration | Excessive loss of body fluids
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| diabetes insipidus | A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme thirst
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| enuresis | Involuntary urination, usually at night; bed-wetting
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| epispadias | A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis as a groove or cleft; anaspadias
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| glycosuria | Presence of glucose in the urine, as in cases of diabetes mellitus
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| horseshoe kidney | A congenital union of the lower poles of the kidneys, resulting in a horseshoe-shaped organ
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| hydroureter | Distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction
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| hypospadias | A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis or into the vagina
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| hypovolemia | A decrease in blood volume
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| neurogenic bladder | Any bladder dysfunction that results from a central nervous system lesion
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| nocturia | Excessive urination at night (root: noct/o means "night")
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| polycystic kidney disease | A hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts
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| polydipsia | Excessive thirst
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| polyuria | Elimination of large amounts of urine, as in diabetes mellitus
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| retention of urine | Accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate
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| staghorn calculus | A kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calices to give a "staghorn" appearance
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| ureterocele | A cyst-like dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder; usually results from a congenital narrowing of the ureteral opening
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| urinary frequency | A need to urinate often without an increase in average output
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| urinary incontinence | Inability to retain urine; may originate with a neurologic disorder, trauma to the spinal cord, weakness of the pelvic muscles, urinary retention, or impaired bladder function
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| urinary urgency | Sudden need to urinate
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| water intoxication (hyponatremia) | Excess intake or retention of water with decrease in sodium concentration; causes an imbalance in the cellular environment, with edema and other disturbances
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| Wilms tumor | A malignant kidney tumor that usually appears in children before the age of 5 years
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| anion gap | A measure of electrolyte imbalance
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| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea; an increase in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood and renal failure
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| clean-catch specimen | A urine sample obtained after thorough cleansing of the urethral opening and collection in midstream to minimize the chance of contamination
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| cystometrography | A study of bladder function in which the bladder is filled with fluid or air and the pressure exerted by the bladder muscle at varying degrees of filling is measured; the tracing recorded is a cystometrogram
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| protein electrophoresis (PEP) | Laboratory study of urinary proteins; used to diagnose multiple myeloma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and lymphoid tumor
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| urinometer | Device for measuring the specific gravity of urine
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| indwelling Foley catheter | A urinary tract catheter with a balloon at one end that prevents the catheter from leaving the bladder
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| lithotrite | Instrument for crushing a bladder stone
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| ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme
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| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone
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| ARF | Acute renal failure
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| ATN | Acute tubular necrosis
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| BUN | Blood urea nitrogen
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| CAPD | Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
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| CCPD | Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis
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| CMG | Cystometrography; cystometrogram
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| CRF | Chronic renal failure
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| EPO | Erythropoietin
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| ESRD | End-stage renal disease
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| ESWL | Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
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| GFR | Glomerular filtration rate
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| GU | Genitourinary
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| IVP | Intravenous pyelography
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| IVU | Intravenous urography
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| K | Potassium
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| KUB | Kidney-ureter-bladder (radiography)
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| Na | Sodium
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| PEP | Protein electrophoresis
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| SG | Specific gravity
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| Tm | Maximal transport capacity
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| UA | Urinalysis
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| UTI | Urinary tract infection
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