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Chapter 13, MedTerms
The Urinary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine |
| angiotensin | A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys |
| calyx | A cup-like cavity in the pelvis of the kidney; also calix (plural: calices) (roots: cali/o, calic/o) |
| diuresis | Excretion of urine; usually meaning increased urinary excretion |
| diuretic | A substance that increases the excretion of urine; pertaining to diuresis |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow |
| glomerular capsule | The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of the blood; Bowman capsule |
| glomerular filtrate | The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron through the glomerular capsule |
| glomerulus | The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule (plural: glomeruli) (root: glomerul/o) |
| kidney | An organ of excretion (roots: ren/o, nephr/o); the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine, which contains metabolic waste products and other substances as needed to regulate the water, electrolyte, and pH balance of body fluids |
| micturition | The voiding of urine; urination |
| nephron | A microscopic functional unit of the kidney; working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the composition of urine |
| renal cortex | The kidney's outer portion; contains portions of the nephrons |
| renal medulla | The kidney's inner portion; contains portions of the nephrons and ducts that transport urine toward the renal pelvis |
| renal pelvis | The expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney (Greek root pyel/o means "basin") |
| renal pyramid | A triangular structure in the renal medulla; composed of the nephrons' loops and collecting ducts |
| renin | An enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood |
| trigone | A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra |
| tubular reabsorption | The return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peritubular capillaries |
| urea | The main nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) waste product in the urine |
| ureter | The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder (root: ureter/o) |
| urethra | The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (root: urethr/o) |
| urinary bladder | The organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys (roots: cyst/o, vesic/o) |
| urination | The voiding of urine; micturition |
| urine | The fluid excreted by the kidneys; it consists of water, electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigments; a variety of other substances may appear in urine in cases of disease (root: ur/o) |
| ren/o | kidney |
| nephr/o | kidney |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| cali/o, calic/o | calyx |
| ur/o | urine, urinary tract |
| urin/o | urine |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| cyst/o | urinary bladder |
| vesic/o | urinary bladder |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| acidosis | Excessive acidity of body fluids |
| acute renal failure | Loss of kidney function resulting from damage to the nephrons; causes may be injury, shock, toxins, or infections, among others |
| bacteriuria | Presence of bacteria in the urine |
| cast | A solid mold of a renal tubule found in the urine |
| cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of infection |
| dysuria | Painful or difficult urination |
| glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney, primarily involving the glomeruli; the acute form usually occurs after an infection elsewhere in the body; the chronic form varies in cause and usually leads to renal failure |
| hematuria | Presence of blood in the urine |
| hydronephrosis | Collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction; results in distention and renal atrophy |
| hypokalemia | Deficiency of potassium in the blood |
| hyponatremia | Deficiency of sodium in the blood |
| hypoproteinemia | Decreased amount of protein in the blood; may be caused by kidney damage resulting in protein loss |
| hyperkalemia | Excess amount of potassium in the blood |
| hypernatremia | Excess amount of sodium in the blood |
| nephrotic syndrome | Condition that results from glomerular damage leading to loss of protein in the urine (proteinuria); there is low plasma protein (hypoproteinemia), edema, and increased blood lipids as the liver releases lipoproteins; also called nephrosis |
| oliguria | Elimination of small amounts of urine |
| proteinuria | Presence of protein, mainly albumin, in the urine |
| pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually caused by infection |
| pyuria | Presence of pus in the urine |
| renal colic | Radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a stone |
| uremia | Presence of toxic levels of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of renal insufficiency |
| urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra, usually due to infection |
| urinary stasis | Stoppage of urine flow; urinary stagnation |
| catheterization | Introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine |
| cystoscope | An instrument for examining the interior of the urinary bladder; also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery, and for other forms of treatment |
| dialysis | Separation of substances by passage through a semipermeable membrane; dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing; the two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis |
| hemodialysis | Removal of unwanted substances from the blood by passage through a semipermeable membrane |
| intravenous pyelography (IVP) | Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine; also called excretory urography or intravenous urography |
| intravenous urography (IVU) | Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine; also called excretory urography or intravenous pyelography |
| lithotripsy | Crushing of a stone |
| peritoneal dialysis | Removal of unwanted substances from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid |
| retrograde pyelography | Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below by way of the ureters |
| specific gravity (SG) | The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water; the specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025; this value may increase or decrease in disease |
| urinalysis (UA) | Laboratory study of the urine; physical and chemical properties and microscopic appearance are included |
| cystectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder |
| ileal conduit | Diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum; one end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall; a procedure used when the bladder is removed or nonfunctional |
| lithotomy | Incision of an organ to remove a stone (calculus) |
| renal transplantation | Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient |
| aldosterone | A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys |
| clearance | The volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a substance per unit of time; renal plasma clearance |
| creatinine | A nitrogenous byproduct of muscle metabolism; an increase in blood creatinine is a sign of renal failure |
| detrusor muscle | The muscle in the bladder wall |
| glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | The amount of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys |
| maximal transport capacity (Tm) | The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported across the renal tulbule; tubular maximum |
| renal corpuscle | The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney |
| anuresis | Lack of urination |
| anuria | Lack of urine formation |
| azotemia | Presence of increased nitrogenous waste, especially urea, in the blood |
| azoturia | Presence of increased nitrogenous compounds, especially urea, in the urine |
| cystocele | Herniation of the bladder into the vagina; vesicocele |
| dehydration | Excessive loss of body fluids |
| diabetes insipidus | A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme thirst |
| enuresis | Involuntary urination, usually at night; bed-wetting |
| epispadias | A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis as a groove or cleft; anaspadias |
| glycosuria | Presence of glucose in the urine, as in cases of diabetes mellitus |
| horseshoe kidney | A congenital union of the lower poles of the kidneys, resulting in a horseshoe-shaped organ |
| hydroureter | Distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction |
| hypospadias | A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis or into the vagina |
| hypovolemia | A decrease in blood volume |
| neurogenic bladder | Any bladder dysfunction that results from a central nervous system lesion |
| nocturia | Excessive urination at night (root: noct/o means "night") |
| polycystic kidney disease | A hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts |
| polydipsia | Excessive thirst |
| polyuria | Elimination of large amounts of urine, as in diabetes mellitus |
| retention of urine | Accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate |
| staghorn calculus | A kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calices to give a "staghorn" appearance |
| ureterocele | A cyst-like dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder; usually results from a congenital narrowing of the ureteral opening |
| urinary frequency | A need to urinate often without an increase in average output |
| urinary incontinence | Inability to retain urine; may originate with a neurologic disorder, trauma to the spinal cord, weakness of the pelvic muscles, urinary retention, or impaired bladder function |
| urinary urgency | Sudden need to urinate |
| water intoxication (hyponatremia) | Excess intake or retention of water with decrease in sodium concentration; causes an imbalance in the cellular environment, with edema and other disturbances |
| Wilms tumor | A malignant kidney tumor that usually appears in children before the age of 5 years |
| anion gap | A measure of electrolyte imbalance |
| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea; an increase in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood and renal failure |
| clean-catch specimen | A urine sample obtained after thorough cleansing of the urethral opening and collection in midstream to minimize the chance of contamination |
| cystometrography | A study of bladder function in which the bladder is filled with fluid or air and the pressure exerted by the bladder muscle at varying degrees of filling is measured; the tracing recorded is a cystometrogram |
| protein electrophoresis (PEP) | Laboratory study of urinary proteins; used to diagnose multiple myeloma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and lymphoid tumor |
| urinometer | Device for measuring the specific gravity of urine |
| indwelling Foley catheter | A urinary tract catheter with a balloon at one end that prevents the catheter from leaving the bladder |
| lithotrite | Instrument for crushing a bladder stone |
| ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone |
| ARF | Acute renal failure |
| ATN | Acute tubular necrosis |
| BUN | Blood urea nitrogen |
| CAPD | Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
| CCPD | Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis |
| CMG | Cystometrography; cystometrogram |
| CRF | Chronic renal failure |
| EPO | Erythropoietin |
| ESRD | End-stage renal disease |
| ESWL | Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy |
| GFR | Glomerular filtration rate |
| GU | Genitourinary |
| IVP | Intravenous pyelography |
| IVU | Intravenous urography |
| K | Potassium |
| KUB | Kidney-ureter-bladder (radiography) |
| Na | Sodium |
| PEP | Protein electrophoresis |
| SG | Specific gravity |
| Tm | Maximal transport capacity |
| UA | Urinalysis |
| UTI | Urinary tract infection |
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