Diagnosis and Treatment; Surgery
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| anesthesia | Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug
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| auscultation | Listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen
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| biopsy | Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination
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| cautery | Destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as a harmful chemical, heat, or electric current (electrocautery); cauterization
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| chemotherapy | Use of chemicals to treat disease; the term is often applied specifically to the treatment of cancer with chemicals
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| diagnosis | The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness
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| endoscope | An instrument for examining the inside of an organ or cavity through a body opening or small incision; most endoscopes use fiberoptics for viewing
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| excision | Removal by cutting (suffix: -ectomy)
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| fixation | Holding or fastening a structure in a firm position (suffix: -pexy)
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| grading | A method for evaluating a tumor based on microscopic examination of the cells
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| immunotherapy | Treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system, either specifically or nonspecifically
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| incision | A cut, as for surgery; also the act of cutting (suffix: -tomy)
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| inspection | Visual examination of the body
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| laser | A device that transforms light into a beam of intense heat and power; used for surgery and diagnosis
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| ophthalmoscope | An instrument for examining the interior of the eye
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| otoscope | Instrument used to examine the ears
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| palliative therapy | Providing relief but not cure; a treatment that provides such relief
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| palpation | Examining by placing the hands or fingers on the surface of the body to determine characteristics such as texture, temperature, movement, and consistency
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| percussion | Tapping the body lightly but sharply to assess the condition of the underlying tissue by the sounds obtained
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| prognosis | Prediction of a disease's course and outcome
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| radiography | Use of x-rays passed through the body to make a visual record (radiograph) of internal structures either on specially sensitized film or digitally; roentgenography
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| remission | Lessening of disease symptoms; the period during which this decrease occurs or the period when no sign of a disease exists
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| sign | Objective evidence of disease that can be observed or tested; examples are fever, rash, high blood pressure, and blood or urine abnormalities; an objective symptom
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| sphygmomanometer | Blood pressure apparatus or blood pressure cuff; pressure is read in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and when the heart is relaxing (diastolic pressure) and is reported as systolic/diastolic
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| staging | The process of classifying malignant tumors for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
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| stethoscope | An instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body (from the Greek root steth/o, meaning "chest")
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| surgery | A method for treating disease or injury by manual operations
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| suture | To unite parts by stitching them together; also the thread or other material used in that process or the seam formed by surgical stitching (suffix: -rhaphy, -rrhaphy)
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| symptom | Any evidence of disease; sometimes limited to subjective evidence of disease as experienced by the individual, such as pain, dizziness, and weakness
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| therapy | Treatment, intervention
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| vital signs | Measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life
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| acupuncture | Ancient Chinese method of inserting thin needles into the body at specific points to relieve pain, induce anesthesia, or promote healing; similar effects can be obtained by using firm finger pressure at the surface of the body, called acupressure
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| biofeedback | A method for learning control of involuntary physiologic responses by using electronic devices to monitor bodily changes and feeding this information back to a person
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| chiropractic | A science that stresses the condition of the nervous system in diagnosis and treatment of disease; often, the spine is manipulated to correct misalignment; most patients consult for musculoskeletal pain and headaches (from Greek cheir, meaning "hand")
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| holistic healthcare | Practice of treating a person as a whole entity with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs; it stresses comprehensive care, involvement in one's own care, and the maintenance of good health rather than the treatment of disease
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| homeopathy | A philosophy of treating disease by administering drugs in highly diluted form along with promoting healthy life habits and a healthy environment (from home/o, meaning "same," and path/o, meaning "disease")
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| massage | Manipulation of the body or portion of the body to calm, relieve tension, increase circulation, and stimulate muscles
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| meditation | Process of clearing the mind by concentrating on the inner self while controlling breathing and perhaps repeating a word or phrase (mantra)
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| naturopathy | A therapeutic philosophy of helping people heal themselves by developing healthy lifestyles; naturopaths may use some of the methods of conventional medicine (from nature and path/o, meaning "disease")
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| osteopathy | A system of therapy based on the theory that the body can overcome disease when it has normal structure, a favorable environment, and proper nutrition
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| osteopaths | Osteopaths use standard medical practices for diagnosis and treatment but stress the identification and correction of faulty body structure (from oste/o, meaning "bone," and path/o, meaning "disease")
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| aer/o | air, gas
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| bar/o | pressure
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| chrom/o, chromat/o | color, stain
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| chron/o | time
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| cry/o | cold
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| electr/o | electricity
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| erg/o | work
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| phon/o | sound, voice
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| phot/o | light
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| radi/o | radiation, x-ray
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| son/o | sound
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| therm/o | heat, temperature
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| -graph | instrument for recording data
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| -graphy | act of recording data
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| -gram | a record of data
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| -meter | instrument for measuring
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| -metry | measurement of
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| -scope | instrument for viewing or examining
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| -scopy | examination of
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| -centesis | puncture, tap
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| -desis | binding, fusion
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| -ectomy | excision, surgical removal
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| -pexy | surgical fixation
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| -plasty | plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction
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| -rhaphy, -rrhaphy | surgical repair, suture
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| -stomy | surgical creation of an opening
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| -tome | instrument for incising (cutting)
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| -tomy | incision, cutting
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| -tripsy | crushing
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| clubbing | Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes because of soft-tissue growth of the nails; seen in a variety of diseases, especially lung and heart diseases
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| colic | Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms
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| cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
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| diaphoresis | Profuse sweating
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| malaise | A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often indicative of infection or other disease (from French, meaning "discomfort," using the prefix mal-, meaning "bad")
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| nocturnal | Pertaining to or occurring at night (roots noct/i and nyct/o mean "night")
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| pallor | Paleness, lack of color
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| prodrome | A symptom indicating an approaching disease
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| sequela | A lasting effect of a disease (plural: sequelae)
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| syncope | A temporary loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain, fainting
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| alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) | A fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults with certain types of cancer
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| bruit | A sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation
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| facies | The expression or appearance of the face
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| febrile | Pertaining to fever
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| nuclear medicine | The branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances (radionuclides) for diagnosis, therapy, and research
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| radiology | The branch of medicine that uses radiation, such as x-rays, in the diagnosis and treatments of disease; a specialist in this field is a radiologist
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| radionuclide | A substance that gives off radiation; used for diagnosis and treatment; also called radioisotope or radiopharmaceutical
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| speculum | An instrument for examining a canal
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| syndrome | A group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition
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| catheter | A thin tube that can be passed into the body; used to remove fluids from or introduce fluids into a body cavity
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| clysis | The introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally, as into the rectum or abdominal cavity; also refers to the solution thus used
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| irrigation | Flushing of a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid
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| lavage | The washing out of a cavity, irrigation
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| normal saline (NS) | A salt (NaCl) solution compatible with living cells, also called physiologic saline solution (PSS)
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| paracentesis | Puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid
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| prophylaxis | Prevention of disease
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| drain | Device for allowing matter to escape from a wound or cavity; common types include Penrose (cigarette), T-tube, Jackson-Pratt (J-P), and Hemovac
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| ligature | A tie or bandage, the process of binding or tying (also called ligation)
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| resection | Partial excision of a structure
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| stapling | In surgery, the joining of tissue by using wire staples that are pushed through the tissue and then bent
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| surgeon | A physician who specializes in surgery
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| 1° | primary
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| 2° | secondary (to)
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| △ | change
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| Ⓛ | left
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| Ⓡ | right
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| ↑ | increase(d)
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| ↓ | decrease(d)
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| ♂ | male
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| ♀ | female
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| ° | degree
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| ^ | above
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| v | below
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| = | equal to
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| ≠ | not equal to
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| ± | doubtful, slight
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| ~ | approximately
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| x | times
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| # | number, pound
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| ADL | Activities of daily living
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| BP | Blood pressure
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| bpm | Beats per minute
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| C | Celsius (centigrade)
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| CC | Chief complaint
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| c/o, co | Complains (complaining) of
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| EOMI | Extraocular muscles intact
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| ETOH | Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
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| F | Fahrenheit
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| HEENT | Head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
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| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
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| h/o | History of
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| H&P | History and physical
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| HPI | History of present illness
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| HR | Heart rate
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| Hx | History
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| I&O | Intake and output
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| IPPA | Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
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| IVDA | Intravenous drug abuse
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| NAD | No apparent distress
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| NKDA | No known drug allergies
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| P | Pulse
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| PE | Physical examination
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| PE(R)RLA | Pupils equal (regular) react to light and accommodation
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| PMH | Past medical history
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| pt | Patient
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| R | Respiration
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| R/O | Rule out
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| ROS | Review of symptoms
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| T | Temperature
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| TPR | Temperature, pulse, respiration
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| VS | Vital signs
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| WD | Well developed
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| WNL | Within normal limits
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| w/o | Without
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| YO, y/o | Years old, year-old
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| ABC | Aspiration biopsy cytology
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| AFP | Alpha-fetoprotein
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| BS | Bowel sounds, breath sounds
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| bx | Biopsy
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| CAM | Complementary and alternative medicine
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| Ci | Curie (unit of radioactivity)
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| C&S | Culture and (drug) sensitivity (of bacteria)
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| CT | Computed tomography
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| D/C, dc | Discontinue
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| Dx | Diagnosis
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| EBL | Estimated blood loss
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| ICU | Intensive care unit
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| I&D | Incision and drainage
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| MET | Metastasis
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| MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging
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| NCCAM | National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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| NS, N/S | Normal saline
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| PCA | Patient-controlled analgesia
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| PET | Positron emission tomography
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| PICC | Peripherally inserted central catheter
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| postop | Postoperative
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| preop | Preoperative
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| PSS | Physiologic saline solution
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| RATx | Radiation therapy
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| Rx | Drug, prescription, therapy
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| SPECT | Single-photon emission computed tomography
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| TNM | (Primary) tumor, (regional lymph) nodes, (distant) metastases
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| UV | Ultraviolet
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| AP | Anteroposterior
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| LL | Left lateral
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| PA | Posteroanterior
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| RL | Right lateral
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| AMA | Against medical advice
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| AMB | Ambulatory
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| BRP | Bathroom privileges
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| CBR | Complete bed rest
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| DNR | Do not resuscitate
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| KVO | Keep vein open
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| NPO | Nothing by mouth (Latin, non per os)
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| OOB | Out of bed
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| QNS | Quantity not sufficient
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| QS | Quantity sufficient
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| STAT | Immediately
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| TKO | To keep open
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