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Chapter 07, MedTerms
Diagnosis and Treatment; Surgery
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anesthesia | Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug |
| auscultation | Listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen |
| biopsy | Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination |
| cautery | Destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as a harmful chemical, heat, or electric current (electrocautery); cauterization |
| chemotherapy | Use of chemicals to treat disease; the term is often applied specifically to the treatment of cancer with chemicals |
| diagnosis | The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness |
| endoscope | An instrument for examining the inside of an organ or cavity through a body opening or small incision; most endoscopes use fiberoptics for viewing |
| excision | Removal by cutting (suffix: -ectomy) |
| fixation | Holding or fastening a structure in a firm position (suffix: -pexy) |
| grading | A method for evaluating a tumor based on microscopic examination of the cells |
| immunotherapy | Treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system, either specifically or nonspecifically |
| incision | A cut, as for surgery; also the act of cutting (suffix: -tomy) |
| inspection | Visual examination of the body |
| laser | A device that transforms light into a beam of intense heat and power; used for surgery and diagnosis |
| ophthalmoscope | An instrument for examining the interior of the eye |
| otoscope | Instrument used to examine the ears |
| palliative therapy | Providing relief but not cure; a treatment that provides such relief |
| palpation | Examining by placing the hands or fingers on the surface of the body to determine characteristics such as texture, temperature, movement, and consistency |
| percussion | Tapping the body lightly but sharply to assess the condition of the underlying tissue by the sounds obtained |
| prognosis | Prediction of a disease's course and outcome |
| radiography | Use of x-rays passed through the body to make a visual record (radiograph) of internal structures either on specially sensitized film or digitally; roentgenography |
| remission | Lessening of disease symptoms; the period during which this decrease occurs or the period when no sign of a disease exists |
| sign | Objective evidence of disease that can be observed or tested; examples are fever, rash, high blood pressure, and blood or urine abnormalities; an objective symptom |
| sphygmomanometer | Blood pressure apparatus or blood pressure cuff; pressure is read in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and when the heart is relaxing (diastolic pressure) and is reported as systolic/diastolic |
| staging | The process of classifying malignant tumors for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis |
| stethoscope | An instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body (from the Greek root steth/o, meaning "chest") |
| surgery | A method for treating disease or injury by manual operations |
| suture | To unite parts by stitching them together; also the thread or other material used in that process or the seam formed by surgical stitching (suffix: -rhaphy, -rrhaphy) |
| symptom | Any evidence of disease; sometimes limited to subjective evidence of disease as experienced by the individual, such as pain, dizziness, and weakness |
| therapy | Treatment, intervention |
| vital signs | Measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life |
| acupuncture | Ancient Chinese method of inserting thin needles into the body at specific points to relieve pain, induce anesthesia, or promote healing; similar effects can be obtained by using firm finger pressure at the surface of the body, called acupressure |
| biofeedback | A method for learning control of involuntary physiologic responses by using electronic devices to monitor bodily changes and feeding this information back to a person |
| chiropractic | A science that stresses the condition of the nervous system in diagnosis and treatment of disease; often, the spine is manipulated to correct misalignment; most patients consult for musculoskeletal pain and headaches (from Greek cheir, meaning "hand") |
| holistic healthcare | Practice of treating a person as a whole entity with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs; it stresses comprehensive care, involvement in one's own care, and the maintenance of good health rather than the treatment of disease |
| homeopathy | A philosophy of treating disease by administering drugs in highly diluted form along with promoting healthy life habits and a healthy environment (from home/o, meaning "same," and path/o, meaning "disease") |
| massage | Manipulation of the body or portion of the body to calm, relieve tension, increase circulation, and stimulate muscles |
| meditation | Process of clearing the mind by concentrating on the inner self while controlling breathing and perhaps repeating a word or phrase (mantra) |
| naturopathy | A therapeutic philosophy of helping people heal themselves by developing healthy lifestyles; naturopaths may use some of the methods of conventional medicine (from nature and path/o, meaning "disease") |
| osteopathy | A system of therapy based on the theory that the body can overcome disease when it has normal structure, a favorable environment, and proper nutrition |
| osteopaths | Osteopaths use standard medical practices for diagnosis and treatment but stress the identification and correction of faulty body structure (from oste/o, meaning "bone," and path/o, meaning "disease") |
| aer/o | air, gas |
| bar/o | pressure |
| chrom/o, chromat/o | color, stain |
| chron/o | time |
| cry/o | cold |
| electr/o | electricity |
| erg/o | work |
| phon/o | sound, voice |
| phot/o | light |
| radi/o | radiation, x-ray |
| son/o | sound |
| therm/o | heat, temperature |
| -graph | instrument for recording data |
| -graphy | act of recording data |
| -gram | a record of data |
| -meter | instrument for measuring |
| -metry | measurement of |
| -scope | instrument for viewing or examining |
| -scopy | examination of |
| -centesis | puncture, tap |
| -desis | binding, fusion |
| -ectomy | excision, surgical removal |
| -pexy | surgical fixation |
| -plasty | plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction |
| -rhaphy, -rrhaphy | surgical repair, suture |
| -stomy | surgical creation of an opening |
| -tome | instrument for incising (cutting) |
| -tomy | incision, cutting |
| -tripsy | crushing |
| clubbing | Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes because of soft-tissue growth of the nails; seen in a variety of diseases, especially lung and heart diseases |
| colic | Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms |
| cyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen |
| diaphoresis | Profuse sweating |
| malaise | A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often indicative of infection or other disease (from French, meaning "discomfort," using the prefix mal-, meaning "bad") |
| nocturnal | Pertaining to or occurring at night (roots noct/i and nyct/o mean "night") |
| pallor | Paleness, lack of color |
| prodrome | A symptom indicating an approaching disease |
| sequela | A lasting effect of a disease (plural: sequelae) |
| syncope | A temporary loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain, fainting |
| alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) | A fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults with certain types of cancer |
| bruit | A sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation |
| facies | The expression or appearance of the face |
| febrile | Pertaining to fever |
| nuclear medicine | The branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances (radionuclides) for diagnosis, therapy, and research |
| radiology | The branch of medicine that uses radiation, such as x-rays, in the diagnosis and treatments of disease; a specialist in this field is a radiologist |
| radionuclide | A substance that gives off radiation; used for diagnosis and treatment; also called radioisotope or radiopharmaceutical |
| speculum | An instrument for examining a canal |
| syndrome | A group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition |
| catheter | A thin tube that can be passed into the body; used to remove fluids from or introduce fluids into a body cavity |
| clysis | The introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally, as into the rectum or abdominal cavity; also refers to the solution thus used |
| irrigation | Flushing of a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid |
| lavage | The washing out of a cavity, irrigation |
| normal saline (NS) | A salt (NaCl) solution compatible with living cells, also called physiologic saline solution (PSS) |
| paracentesis | Puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid |
| prophylaxis | Prevention of disease |
| drain | Device for allowing matter to escape from a wound or cavity; common types include Penrose (cigarette), T-tube, Jackson-Pratt (J-P), and Hemovac |
| ligature | A tie or bandage, the process of binding or tying (also called ligation) |
| resection | Partial excision of a structure |
| stapling | In surgery, the joining of tissue by using wire staples that are pushed through the tissue and then bent |
| surgeon | A physician who specializes in surgery |
| 1° | primary |
| 2° | secondary (to) |
| △ | change |
| Ⓛ | left |
| Ⓡ | right |
| ↑ | increase(d) |
| ↓ | decrease(d) |
| ♂ | male |
| ♀ | female |
| ° | degree |
| ^ | above |
| v | below |
| = | equal to |
| ≠ | not equal to |
| ± | doubtful, slight |
| ~ | approximately |
| x | times |
| # | number, pound |
| ADL | Activities of daily living |
| BP | Blood pressure |
| bpm | Beats per minute |
| C | Celsius (centigrade) |
| CC | Chief complaint |
| c/o, co | Complains (complaining) of |
| EOMI | Extraocular muscles intact |
| ETOH | Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) |
| F | Fahrenheit |
| HEENT | Head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat |
| HIPAA | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act |
| h/o | History of |
| H&P | History and physical |
| HPI | History of present illness |
| HR | Heart rate |
| Hx | History |
| I&O | Intake and output |
| IPPA | Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation |
| IVDA | Intravenous drug abuse |
| NAD | No apparent distress |
| NKDA | No known drug allergies |
| P | Pulse |
| PE | Physical examination |
| PE(R)RLA | Pupils equal (regular) react to light and accommodation |
| PMH | Past medical history |
| pt | Patient |
| R | Respiration |
| R/O | Rule out |
| ROS | Review of symptoms |
| T | Temperature |
| TPR | Temperature, pulse, respiration |
| VS | Vital signs |
| WD | Well developed |
| WNL | Within normal limits |
| w/o | Without |
| YO, y/o | Years old, year-old |
| ABC | Aspiration biopsy cytology |
| AFP | Alpha-fetoprotein |
| BS | Bowel sounds, breath sounds |
| bx | Biopsy |
| CAM | Complementary and alternative medicine |
| Ci | Curie (unit of radioactivity) |
| C&S | Culture and (drug) sensitivity (of bacteria) |
| CT | Computed tomography |
| D/C, dc | Discontinue |
| Dx | Diagnosis |
| EBL | Estimated blood loss |
| ICU | Intensive care unit |
| I&D | Incision and drainage |
| MET | Metastasis |
| MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| NCCAM | National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine |
| NS, N/S | Normal saline |
| PCA | Patient-controlled analgesia |
| PET | Positron emission tomography |
| PICC | Peripherally inserted central catheter |
| postop | Postoperative |
| preop | Preoperative |
| PSS | Physiologic saline solution |
| RATx | Radiation therapy |
| Rx | Drug, prescription, therapy |
| SPECT | Single-photon emission computed tomography |
| TNM | (Primary) tumor, (regional lymph) nodes, (distant) metastases |
| UV | Ultraviolet |
| AP | Anteroposterior |
| LL | Left lateral |
| PA | Posteroanterior |
| RL | Right lateral |
| AMA | Against medical advice |
| AMB | Ambulatory |
| BRP | Bathroom privileges |
| CBR | Complete bed rest |
| DNR | Do not resuscitate |
| KVO | Keep vein open |
| NPO | Nothing by mouth (Latin, non per os) |
| OOB | Out of bed |
| QNS | Quantity not sufficient |
| QS | Quantity sufficient |
| STAT | Immediately |
| TKO | To keep open |
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