Cells, Tissues, and Organs
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | The energy compound of the cell that stores energy needed for cell activities
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| carbohydrates | The category of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches
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| cell | The basic structural and functional unit of the living organism, a microscopic unit that combines with other cells to form tissues (root: cyt/o)
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| chromosome | A thread-like body in a cell's nucleus that contains genetic information
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| cytology | Study of cells
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| cytoplasm | The fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | The genetic compound of the cell, makes up the genes
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| enzyme | An organic substance that speeds the rate of a metabolic reaction
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| gene | A hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes
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| glucose | A simple sugar that circulates in the blood, the main energy source for metabolism (roots: gluc/o, glyc/o)
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| histology | Study of tissues
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| homeostasis | A steady state, a condition of internal stability and constancy
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| lipid | A category of organic compounds that includes fats (root: lip/o)
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| membrane | A simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that might cover an organ, line a cavity, or separate structures
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| metabolism | The sum of all the physical and chemical reactions that occur within an organism
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| mitosis | Cell division
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| mucus | A thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and protects tissues (roots: muc/o, myx/o); the adjective is mucous
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| organ | A part of the body with a specific function, a component of a body system
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| nucleus | The cell's control center; directs all cellular activities based on the information contained in its chromosomes (roots: nucle/o, kary/o)
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| organelle | A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell
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| protein | A category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones
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| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | An organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells
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| tissue | A group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose (roots: hist/o, histi/o); types include epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue
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| plasma membrane | Outer layer of the cell, composed mainly of lipids and proteins
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| microvilli | Short extensions of the cell membrane
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| nucleolus | Small body in the nucleus; makes ribosomes
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| cytosol | Fluid portion of the cytoplasm
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Network of membranes within the cytoplasm; rough ER has ribosomes attached to it; smooth ER does not
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| ribosomes | Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER, composed of RNA and protein
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| Golgi apparatus | Layers of membranes
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| mitochondria | Large organelles with internal folded membranes
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| lysosomes | Small sacs of digestive enzymes
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| peroxisomes | Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes
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| vesicles | Small, membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm
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| centrioles | Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus
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| surface projections | Structures that extend from the cell
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| cilia | Short, hair-like projections from the cell
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| flagellum | Long, whip-like extensions from the cell
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| morph/o | form
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| cyt/o, -cyte | cell
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| nucle/o | nucleus
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| kary/o | nucleus
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| hist/o, histi/o | tissue
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| fibr/o | fiber
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| reticul/o | network
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| aden/o | gland
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| papill/o | nipple
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| myx/o | mucus
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| muc/o | mucus, mucous membrane
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| somat/o, -some | body, small body
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| blast/o, -blast | immature cell, productive cell, embryonic cell
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| gen | origin, formation
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| phag/o | eat, ingest
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| phil | attract, absorb
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| plas | formation, molding, development
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| trop | act on, affect
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| troph/o | feeding, growth, nourishment
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| -ase | enzyme
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| -ose | sugar
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| hydr/o | water, fluid
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| gluc/o | glucose
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| glyc/o | sugar, glucose
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| sacchar/o | sugar
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| amyl/o | starch
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| lip/o | lipid, fat
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| adip/o | fat
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| steat/o | fatty
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| prote/o | protein
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| amino acids | The nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins
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| anabolism | The type of metabolism in which body substances are made, the building phase of metabolism
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| catabolism | The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds
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| collagen | A fibrous protein found in connective tissue
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| cortex | The outer region of an organ
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| glycogen | A complex sugar compound stored in liver and muscles and broken down into glucose when needed for energy
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| interstitial | Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue
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| medulla | The inner region of an organ, marrow (root: medull/o)
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| parenchyma | The functional tissue of an organ
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| parietal | Pertaining to a wall, describes a membrane that lines a body cavity
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| soma | The body
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| stem cell | An immature cell that has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of different cell types, a precursor cell
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| visceral | Pertaining to the internal organs; describes a membrane on the surface of an organ
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| Levels of body organization | Chemicals: cells: tissues: organs: systems: organism
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| The function of circulation is operated by... | the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
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| The function of nutrition and fluid balance is operated by... | the respiratory system, the digestive system, and the urinary system
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| The function of production of offspring is operated by... | the male and female reproductive systems
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| The function of coordination and control is operated by... | the nervous system and the endocrine system
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| The function of body structure and movement is operated by... | the skeletal system and the muscular system
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| The function of body covering is operated by... | the integumentary system
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