quiz bowl physics data
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| Kinematics | branch of mechanics that deals with pure motion
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| Kinetics | the branch of mechanics that deals with the actions of forces in producing or changing the motion of masses
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| Statics | branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium
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| Dynamics | deals with the motion and equilibrium of systems under the actions of forces
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| Three/Four Fundamental Forces | Gravity, Strong Nuclear, Electroweak (Weak Nuclear and Electromagnetic)
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| Moment of Inertia | Resistance to rotational motion equal to the products of the mass and the square of the perpendicular distance to the axis of rotation of each particle in a body
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| Torque | product of force and the lever arm; produces or tends to produce torsion or rotation
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| Hooke's Law | Elastic force of a spring or similar object (F=-kx)
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| Coulomb's Law | force between two charged particles are inversely squared
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| Maxwell's Equations | Gauss's Laws, Faraday's Law, and Ampere's Law with Maxwell's correction
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| Gauss's Law | relates electric charge to electric field
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| Gauss's Law for magnetism | magnetic monopoles do not exist
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| Faraday's Law | Induced EMF in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit
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| Ampere's Law | relates electric current to magnetic field produced; related to Biot-Savart Law
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| Lorentz Force | force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields
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| Kirchoff's Current Law | total current into a point on a circuit equals total current out
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| Kirchoff's Voltage Law | total potential difference around a loop equals zero
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| Lens'z Law | "induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose.. change causing it"; nature abhors changes in flux
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| Joule's First Law | power produced (dissipated as heat) in a resistor
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| Aerodynamics | study of the flow of gases
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| Archimedes' Principle | bouyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
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| Pascal's Law | pressure change is conveyed uniformly throughout a fluid
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| Bernoulli's Principle | relates kinetic and potential energies to pressure in fluid flows
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| Navier-Stokes Equations | PDEs that determine motion of particles in a fluid (most of CFD)
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| LASER | Light Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation; coherent beam of light
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| Critical Angle | smallest angle for total internal refraction
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| Fluorescence | emission of radiation by an object as a result of absorption of other radiation
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| Photon | single unit of EM radiation; particle/wave duality
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| Doppler Effect | apparent shift in frequency from moving source
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| Fermat's Principle | between any two points, light takes the path that requires the least time
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| Snell's Law (of Refraction) | index of refraction *sin of angle = constant
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| Huygens(-Fresnel) Principle | wave fronts serve as sources of new wavelets (diffraction, etc.)
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| Young's Double Slit | proved wave nature of light by demonstrating diffraction
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| Planck Relation | relates frequency and energy by namesake constant (E=hv)
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| Enthalpy (H) | internal energy plus pressure times volume
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| Entropy (S) | a measure of disorder based on the number of equivalent micro states
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| Helmholtz Free Energy | useful work attainable from a closed system
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| Gibbs Free Energy | useful work attainable from an isothermal, isobaric system
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| Carnot Engine | heat engine with cycle of isothermal expansion, isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expanstion, isothermal compression, and isentropic compression
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| Fusion/Melting | transition from solid to liquid phase
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| Freezing | transition from liquid to solid phase (opposite of melting)
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| Sublimation | transition directly from solid to gas phase
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| Deposition | transition directly from gas to solid phase (opposite of sublimation)
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| Gasization | transition from liquid to gas phase
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| Boiling | gasization originating with sub-surface bubbles
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| Kelvin (SI Unit) | starts at absolute zero; increments equal to 1 C
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| Celsius (Centigrade) | defines with 0C as freezing point of water and 100C as boiling point
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| Fahrenheit | water freezes at 32F, boils at 212F; zero is temp of ammonium chloride and ice
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| Rankine | starts at absolute zero; increments equal to 1F
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| Isobaric | constant pressure
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| Isothermal | constant temperature
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| Isochoric | constant volume
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| Adiabatic | no heat flow
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| 0th Law of Thermodynamics | transitive property of thermal equilibrium
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| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | change in internal energy is sum of heat into the system and work done by the system
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| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Total entropy of any isolated system tends to increase over time
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| 3rd Law of Thermodynamics | processes cease and entropy goes to zero at absolute zero
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| Carnot's Theorem/Rule | no engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a comparable Carnot Engine
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| Joule's Second Law | internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on temperature
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| Fermions | elementary particles with half-integer spin (1/2 for all known fermions)
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| Quarks | Type of fermion that are components of hadrons; only known fractional charge; interact via strong force; flavors include: up (+2/3), down(-1/3), top(+2/3), bottom(-2/3), charm(+2/3), and strange(-1/3)
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| Leptons | have no strong interaction; electron(-1), electron neutrino(0), muon(-1), muon neutrino(0), tauon (-1), tauon neutrino(0)
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| Bosons | elementary particles with integer spin; mediate fundamental forces
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| photon | electromagnetic force; 0 charge; 1 spin; 0 mass
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| W Boson | weak nuclear force; -1 charge; 1 spin
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| Z Boson | weak nuclear foce; 0 charge; 1 spin
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| Gluon | strong nuclear force; 0 charge; 1 spin
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| Higgs Boson | endows particle masses via Higgs Mechanism; 0 charge; 0 spin
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| Graviton | gravitational force; 0 charge; 2 spin
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| Hadron | strongly interacting composite particles
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| Baryons | composite fermions (ordinarty baryons have 3 valence quarks/antiquarks)
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| Nucleons | fermionic constituents of atomic nuclei
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| Protons | two up quarks, one down quark; +1 charge
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| Neutrons | two down quarks, one up quark; 0 charge
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| Hyperons | contain strange quarks; heavy and short-lived
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| Mesons | composite bosons; ordinary have a quark and an antiquark in addition to bosons
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| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | specific pairs of physical properties cannot both be known to arbitrary precision; the better you know one, the worse you know the other
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| Schrodinger Equation | describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time
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| Pauli Exclusion Principle | no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state
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| Dirac Equation | Matrix form of the Schrodinger Equation
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| Stefan-Boltzmann Law | energy radiated per unit surface area of black bodies proportional to fourth power of temperature
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| Planck's Law | describes the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths from a black body at temperature T
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| Hubble's Law | velocity at which galaxies recede from the earth proportional to distance
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| Special Relativity | physical theory of measurement in inertial frames of reference
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| Time Dilation | variance of time observation between observers depending on the relative speeds of the observers' frames of reference
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| twin paradox | twin flies in spaceship near light speed and returns to much older twin
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| Lorentz Contraction | length measure by one observer smaller than tat from another
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| Equivalence of mass and energy | energy content of mass at rest is mc*2
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| Lorentz Transformation | expression of spatial dimensions in those of a given reference frame based on the speed of that frame; involves Lorentz factor
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| General Relativity | geometric theory of gravitation; describes gravity as a geometric property of spacetime
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