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Physics - Quiz Bowl
quiz bowl physics data
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kinematics | branch of mechanics that deals with pure motion |
| Kinetics | the branch of mechanics that deals with the actions of forces in producing or changing the motion of masses |
| Statics | branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium |
| Dynamics | deals with the motion and equilibrium of systems under the actions of forces |
| Three/Four Fundamental Forces | Gravity, Strong Nuclear, Electroweak (Weak Nuclear and Electromagnetic) |
| Moment of Inertia | Resistance to rotational motion equal to the products of the mass and the square of the perpendicular distance to the axis of rotation of each particle in a body |
| Torque | product of force and the lever arm; produces or tends to produce torsion or rotation |
| Hooke's Law | Elastic force of a spring or similar object (F=-kx) |
| Coulomb's Law | force between two charged particles are inversely squared |
| Maxwell's Equations | Gauss's Laws, Faraday's Law, and Ampere's Law with Maxwell's correction |
| Gauss's Law | relates electric charge to electric field |
| Gauss's Law for magnetism | magnetic monopoles do not exist |
| Faraday's Law | Induced EMF in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit |
| Ampere's Law | relates electric current to magnetic field produced; related to Biot-Savart Law |
| Lorentz Force | force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields |
| Kirchoff's Current Law | total current into a point on a circuit equals total current out |
| Kirchoff's Voltage Law | total potential difference around a loop equals zero |
| Lens'z Law | "induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose.. change causing it"; nature abhors changes in flux |
| Joule's First Law | power produced (dissipated as heat) in a resistor |
| Aerodynamics | study of the flow of gases |
| Archimedes' Principle | bouyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced |
| Pascal's Law | pressure change is conveyed uniformly throughout a fluid |
| Bernoulli's Principle | relates kinetic and potential energies to pressure in fluid flows |
| Navier-Stokes Equations | PDEs that determine motion of particles in a fluid (most of CFD) |
| LASER | Light Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation; coherent beam of light |
| Critical Angle | smallest angle for total internal refraction |
| Fluorescence | emission of radiation by an object as a result of absorption of other radiation |
| Photon | single unit of EM radiation; particle/wave duality |
| Doppler Effect | apparent shift in frequency from moving source |
| Fermat's Principle | between any two points, light takes the path that requires the least time |
| Snell's Law (of Refraction) | index of refraction *sin of angle = constant |
| Huygens(-Fresnel) Principle | wave fronts serve as sources of new wavelets (diffraction, etc.) |
| Young's Double Slit | proved wave nature of light by demonstrating diffraction |
| Planck Relation | relates frequency and energy by namesake constant (E=hv) |
| Enthalpy (H) | internal energy plus pressure times volume |
| Entropy (S) | a measure of disorder based on the number of equivalent micro states |
| Helmholtz Free Energy | useful work attainable from a closed system |
| Gibbs Free Energy | useful work attainable from an isothermal, isobaric system |
| Carnot Engine | heat engine with cycle of isothermal expansion, isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expanstion, isothermal compression, and isentropic compression |
| Fusion/Melting | transition from solid to liquid phase |
| Freezing | transition from liquid to solid phase (opposite of melting) |
| Sublimation | transition directly from solid to gas phase |
| Deposition | transition directly from gas to solid phase (opposite of sublimation) |
| Gasization | transition from liquid to gas phase |
| Boiling | gasization originating with sub-surface bubbles |
| Kelvin (SI Unit) | starts at absolute zero; increments equal to 1 C |
| Celsius (Centigrade) | defines with 0C as freezing point of water and 100C as boiling point |
| Fahrenheit | water freezes at 32F, boils at 212F; zero is temp of ammonium chloride and ice |
| Rankine | starts at absolute zero; increments equal to 1F |
| Isobaric | constant pressure |
| Isothermal | constant temperature |
| Isochoric | constant volume |
| Adiabatic | no heat flow |
| 0th Law of Thermodynamics | transitive property of thermal equilibrium |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | change in internal energy is sum of heat into the system and work done by the system |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Total entropy of any isolated system tends to increase over time |
| 3rd Law of Thermodynamics | processes cease and entropy goes to zero at absolute zero |
| Carnot's Theorem/Rule | no engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a comparable Carnot Engine |
| Joule's Second Law | internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on temperature |
| Fermions | elementary particles with half-integer spin (1/2 for all known fermions) |
| Quarks | Type of fermion that are components of hadrons; only known fractional charge; interact via strong force; flavors include: up (+2/3), down(-1/3), top(+2/3), bottom(-2/3), charm(+2/3), and strange(-1/3) |
| Leptons | have no strong interaction; electron(-1), electron neutrino(0), muon(-1), muon neutrino(0), tauon (-1), tauon neutrino(0) |
| Bosons | elementary particles with integer spin; mediate fundamental forces |
| photon | electromagnetic force; 0 charge; 1 spin; 0 mass |
| W Boson | weak nuclear force; -1 charge; 1 spin |
| Z Boson | weak nuclear foce; 0 charge; 1 spin |
| Gluon | strong nuclear force; 0 charge; 1 spin |
| Higgs Boson | endows particle masses via Higgs Mechanism; 0 charge; 0 spin |
| Graviton | gravitational force; 0 charge; 2 spin |
| Hadron | strongly interacting composite particles |
| Baryons | composite fermions (ordinarty baryons have 3 valence quarks/antiquarks) |
| Nucleons | fermionic constituents of atomic nuclei |
| Protons | two up quarks, one down quark; +1 charge |
| Neutrons | two down quarks, one up quark; 0 charge |
| Hyperons | contain strange quarks; heavy and short-lived |
| Mesons | composite bosons; ordinary have a quark and an antiquark in addition to bosons |
| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | specific pairs of physical properties cannot both be known to arbitrary precision; the better you know one, the worse you know the other |
| Schrodinger Equation | describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time |
| Pauli Exclusion Principle | no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state |
| Dirac Equation | Matrix form of the Schrodinger Equation |
| Stefan-Boltzmann Law | energy radiated per unit surface area of black bodies proportional to fourth power of temperature |
| Planck's Law | describes the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths from a black body at temperature T |
| Hubble's Law | velocity at which galaxies recede from the earth proportional to distance |
| Special Relativity | physical theory of measurement in inertial frames of reference |
| Time Dilation | variance of time observation between observers depending on the relative speeds of the observers' frames of reference |
| twin paradox | twin flies in spaceship near light speed and returns to much older twin |
| Lorentz Contraction | length measure by one observer smaller than tat from another |
| Equivalence of mass and energy | energy content of mass at rest is mc*2 |
| Lorentz Transformation | expression of spatial dimensions in those of a given reference frame based on the speed of that frame; involves Lorentz factor |
| General Relativity | geometric theory of gravitation; describes gravity as a geometric property of spacetime |
Created by:
LeviD
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