Physics - Quiz Bowl Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
Kinematics | branch of mechanics that deals with pure motion |
Kinetics | the branch of mechanics that deals with the actions of forces in producing or changing the motion of masses |
Statics | branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium |
Dynamics | deals with the motion and equilibrium of systems under the actions of forces |
Three/Four Fundamental Forces | Gravity, Strong Nuclear, Electroweak (Weak Nuclear and Electromagnetic) |
Moment of Inertia | Resistance to rotational motion equal to the products of the mass and the square of the perpendicular distance to the axis of rotation of each particle in a body |
Torque | product of force and the lever arm; produces or tends to produce torsion or rotation |
Hooke's Law | Elastic force of a spring or similar object (F=-kx) |
Coulomb's Law | force between two charged particles are inversely squared |
Maxwell's Equations | Gauss's Laws, Faraday's Law, and Ampere's Law with Maxwell's correction |
Gauss's Law | relates electric charge to electric field |
Gauss's Law for magnetism | magnetic monopoles do not exist |
Faraday's Law | Induced EMF in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit |
Ampere's Law | relates electric current to magnetic field produced; related to Biot-Savart Law |
Lorentz Force | force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields |
Kirchoff's Current Law | total current into a point on a circuit equals total current out |
Kirchoff's Voltage Law | total potential difference around a loop equals zero |
Lens'z Law | "induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose.. change causing it"; nature abhors changes in flux |
Joule's First Law | power produced (dissipated as heat) in a resistor |
Aerodynamics | study of the flow of gases |
Archimedes' Principle | bouyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced |
Pascal's Law | pressure change is conveyed uniformly throughout a fluid |
Bernoulli's Principle | relates kinetic and potential energies to pressure in fluid flows |
Navier-Stokes Equations | PDEs that determine motion of particles in a fluid (most of CFD) |
LASER | Light Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation; coherent beam of light |
Critical Angle | smallest angle for total internal refraction |
Fluorescence | emission of radiation by an object as a result of absorption of other radiation |
Photon | single unit of EM radiation; particle/wave duality |
Doppler Effect | apparent shift in frequency from moving source |
Fermat's Principle | between any two points, light takes the path that requires the least time |
Snell's Law (of Refraction) | index of refraction *sin of angle = constant |
Huygens(-Fresnel) Principle | wave fronts serve as sources of new wavelets (diffraction, etc.) |
Young's Double Slit | proved wave nature of light by demonstrating diffraction |
Planck Relation | relates frequency and energy by namesake constant (E=hv) |
Enthalpy (H) | internal energy plus pressure times volume |
Entropy (S) | a measure of disorder based on the number of equivalent micro states |
Helmholtz Free Energy | useful work attainable from a closed system |
Gibbs Free Energy | useful work attainable from an isothermal, isobaric system |
Carnot Engine | heat engine with cycle of isothermal expansion, isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expanstion, isothermal compression, and isentropic compression |
Fusion/Melting | transition from solid to liquid phase |
Freezing | transition from liquid to solid phase (opposite of melting) |
Sublimation | transition directly from solid to gas phase |
Deposition | transition directly from gas to solid phase (opposite of sublimation) |
Gasization | transition from liquid to gas phase |
Boiling | gasization originating with sub-surface bubbles |
Kelvin (SI Unit) | starts at absolute zero; increments equal to 1 C |
Celsius (Centigrade) | defines with 0C as freezing point of water and 100C as boiling point |
Fahrenheit | water freezes at 32F, boils at 212F; zero is temp of ammonium chloride and ice |
Rankine | starts at absolute zero; increments equal to 1F |
Isobaric | constant pressure |
Isothermal | constant temperature |
Isochoric | constant volume |
Adiabatic | no heat flow |
0th Law of Thermodynamics | transitive property of thermal equilibrium |
1st Law of Thermodynamics | change in internal energy is sum of heat into the system and work done by the system |
2nd Law of Thermodynamics | Total entropy of any isolated system tends to increase over time |
3rd Law of Thermodynamics | processes cease and entropy goes to zero at absolute zero |
Carnot's Theorem/Rule | no engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a comparable Carnot Engine |
Joule's Second Law | internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on temperature |
Fermions | elementary particles with half-integer spin (1/2 for all known fermions) |
Quarks | Type of fermion that are components of hadrons; only known fractional charge; interact via strong force; flavors include: up (+2/3), down(-1/3), top(+2/3), bottom(-2/3), charm(+2/3), and strange(-1/3) |
Leptons | have no strong interaction; electron(-1), electron neutrino(0), muon(-1), muon neutrino(0), tauon (-1), tauon neutrino(0) |
Bosons | elementary particles with integer spin; mediate fundamental forces |
photon | electromagnetic force; 0 charge; 1 spin; 0 mass |
W Boson | weak nuclear force; -1 charge; 1 spin |
Z Boson | weak nuclear foce; 0 charge; 1 spin |
Gluon | strong nuclear force; 0 charge; 1 spin |
Higgs Boson | endows particle masses via Higgs Mechanism; 0 charge; 0 spin |
Graviton | gravitational force; 0 charge; 2 spin |
Hadron | strongly interacting composite particles |
Baryons | composite fermions (ordinarty baryons have 3 valence quarks/antiquarks) |
Nucleons | fermionic constituents of atomic nuclei |
Protons | two up quarks, one down quark; +1 charge |
Neutrons | two down quarks, one up quark; 0 charge |
Hyperons | contain strange quarks; heavy and short-lived |
Mesons | composite bosons; ordinary have a quark and an antiquark in addition to bosons |
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | specific pairs of physical properties cannot both be known to arbitrary precision; the better you know one, the worse you know the other |
Schrodinger Equation | describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time |
Pauli Exclusion Principle | no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state |
Dirac Equation | Matrix form of the Schrodinger Equation |
Stefan-Boltzmann Law | energy radiated per unit surface area of black bodies proportional to fourth power of temperature |
Planck's Law | describes the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths from a black body at temperature T |
Hubble's Law | velocity at which galaxies recede from the earth proportional to distance |
Special Relativity | physical theory of measurement in inertial frames of reference |
Time Dilation | variance of time observation between observers depending on the relative speeds of the observers' frames of reference |
twin paradox | twin flies in spaceship near light speed and returns to much older twin |
Lorentz Contraction | length measure by one observer smaller than tat from another |
Equivalence of mass and energy | energy content of mass at rest is mc*2 |
Lorentz Transformation | expression of spatial dimensions in those of a given reference frame based on the speed of that frame; involves Lorentz factor |
General Relativity | geometric theory of gravitation; describes gravity as a geometric property of spacetime |
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LeviD
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