Med Term CH8 Digestive System
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| an/o | anus, ring
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| chol/e | bile, gall
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| cholecyst/o | gallbladder
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| col/o | colon, large intestine
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| colon/o | colon, large intestine
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| -emsis | vomiting
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| enter/o | small intestine
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| esophag/o | esophagus
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| gastr/o | stomach, belly
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| hepat/o | liver
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| -lithiasis | presence of stones
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| -pepsia | digest, digestion
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| -phagia | eating, swallowing
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| proct/o | anus and rectum
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| rect/o | rectum, straight
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| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon
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| gastrointestinal tract | aka GI tract, stomach and intestines
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| digestive system | upper GI tract and lower GI tract
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| Upper GI tract parts | mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, & stomach.
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| Upper GI tract functions | transports food from entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach
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| Lower GI tract parts | "bowels," small & large intestines plus rectum and anus
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| Lower GI tract functions | digestion is completed and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body.
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| Accessory organs of the digestive system | liver, gallbladder, & pancreas - play a key role in digestive process, but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract.
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| oral cavity, major structures | aka mouth; lips, hard & soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium.
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| lips | aka labia; surround the opening to oral cavity, important role in breathing, speaking, & expression of emotions.
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| holds the food in mouth | lips, tongue, and cheeks
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| palate | forms roof of the mouth and consists of 3 parts: hard palate, soft palate, & uvula
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| hard palate | anterior portion of the palate covered w/ specialized mucous membrane
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| rugae | irregular ridges or folds in the mucous membrane of the hard palate
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| soft palate | flexible posterior portion of palate, closes off nasal passage to prevent food & liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity when swallowing.
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| uvula | hangs from free edge of soft palate and moves upward during swallowing w/ soft palate. Important role in snoring & formation of some speech sounds
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| tongue | very strong, flexible, & muscular. Posterior attached, anterior is free & flexible, important for chewing, speaking, swallowing
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| dorsum | upper surface of the tongue w/ tough protective covering & some papillae
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| papillae | on dorsum of tongue, small bumps containing taste buds, which are sensory receptors for sense of taste
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| sublingual surface of tongue | under the tongue & highly vascular tissue surrounding.
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| administering medications sublingually | since highly vascular area, placing medications under tongue allows them to be quickly absorbed into bloodstream
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| lingual frenum | band of tissue that attaches tongue to floor of mouth and limits motion of tongue
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| periodontium | structures that surround, support, & are attached to the teeth. Consists of bone of dental arches & soft tissues that surround/ support teeth
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| odonti | teeth
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| peri- | surrounding
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| gingiva | aka masticatory mucosa or gums, specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches & surrounds neck of teeth
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| sulcus | area of space btw tooth & surrounding gingiva. Buildup of food, debris, bacteria can lead to infection.
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| dental arches | bony structures of the oral cavity that hold teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing & speaking.
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| sulci | space btw tooth & surrounding gingiva OR fissures in cerebral cortex of the brain
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| maxillary arch | upper jaw & consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull. Does not move
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| mandibular arch | lower jaw & is a separate bone that is the only movable component of the joint.
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| temporomandibular joint | TMJ, formed @ back of mouth where maxillary & mandibular arches come together
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| dentition | the natural teeth arranged in upper & lower jaws. 4 types in humans: incisors, canines, premolars, molars
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| incisors | used for biting and tearing
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| canines | aka cuspids, used for biting & tearing
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| premolars | aka bicuspids, used for chewing & grinding
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| molars | used for chewing & grinding
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| primary dentition | aka baby teeth, deciduous dentition, 20 teeth in early childhood & lost/ replaced w/ permanent. 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars (0 premolars)
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| permanent dentition | 32 teeth designed to last lifetime; 20 replace primary dentition & 12 @ back. 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, 12 molars.
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| occulsion (teeth) | in dentistry, describes any contact btw chewing surfaces of upper & lower teeth
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| crown (teeth) | portion of tooth that is visible in the mouth and covered by enamel
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| enamel (teeth) | hardest substance in body
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| roots (teeth) | hold tooth securely in place w/in dental arch, protected by cementum
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| cementum (teeth) | hard substance that protects roots, not as hard as enamel
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| cervix (teeth) | neck of the tooth, where crown and root meet
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| dentin (teeth) | makes up bulk of the tooth, the portion that is above the gum line is covered w/ enamel.
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| pulp cavity (teeth) | area w/in crown & roots of tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth.
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| root canals (teeth) | pulp continues into this space
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| pulp (teeth) | consists of rich supply of blood vessels & nerves that provide nutrients & innervation to the tooth
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| saliva | colorless liquid that maintains moisture in mouth, health of teeth, & begins digestive process by lubricating food.
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| mechanical digestion | chewing & swallowing food
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| amylase | digestive enzyme in saliva for 1st step in chemical digestion
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| salivary glands | 3 pairs: parotid, sublingual, submandibular; secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
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| parotid glands | located on face, slightly in front of each ear. Ducts for these glands on inside of cheek near upper molars
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| sublingual glands | located on floor of mouth under tongue, along w/ their ducts
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| submandibular glands | located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible, along w/ their ducts
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| pharynx | common passageway for both respiration & digestion, plays important role in deglutition.
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| deglutition | swallowing
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| epiglottis | lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food & liquids from moving pharynx during swallowing
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| trachea | windpipe
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| esophagus | muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
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| lower esophageal sphincter | aka cardiac sphincter, muscular ring btw the esophagus & stomach. During swallowing, relaxes to allow food to enter stomach
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| regurgitating | flowing backward
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| when does lower esophageal sphincter open/ close | opens to allow flow of food into stomach & closes to prevent stomach contents from regurgitating into esophagus
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| stomach | sac-like organ composed of fundus, body, antrum
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| fundus (stomach) | upper, rounded part
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| body (stomach) | main portion
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| antrum (stomach) | lower part
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| rugae | folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach, allow stomach to increase & decrease in size. Glands in the folds produce gastric juices
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| gastric juices | made up of enzymes & hydrochloric acid that aid in starting food digestion. Mucus produced by glands in stomach create protective coating on lining of stomach.
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| pyloric sphincter | ring-like muscle @ base of stomach that controls flow of partially digested food from stomach to the duodenum of sm intestine
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| pylorus | narrow passage that connects the stomach w/ small intestine
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| small intestine | extends from pyloric sphincter to 1st part of LG intestine. Coiled organ is up to 20' & has 3 sections.
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| happens in 3 sections of small intestine | food is digested & nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
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| 3 sections of small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, & ileum
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| duodenum | 1st portion of small intestine & extends from pylorus of stomach to the jejunum
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| jejunum | middle portion of small intestine that extends from duodenum to the ileum
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| ileum | last & longest portion of small intestine that extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the LG intestine
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| large intestine | extends from end of small intestine to anus & is 2x's as wide as sm intestine, 1/4 as long.
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| happens in large intestine | waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus
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| 4 major parts of large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum, anus
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| cecum | pouch that lies on the right side of abdomen that extends from end of ileum to beginning of colon
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| ileocecal sphincter | ring-like muscle that controls flow from ileum of small intestine into cecum of large intestine
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| vermiform appendix | aka appendix; hangs from lower portion of cecum, consists of lymphoid tissue
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| vermiform | worm-like shape
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| colon | longest portion of the large intestine, divided into 4 parts
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| 4 sections of colon | ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
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| ascending colon | travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
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| transverse colon | passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from RT to LT toward spleen
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| transverse | accross
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| descending colon | travels down the LT side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon.
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| descending | downward
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| sigmoid colon | S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above & joins rectum below
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| sigmoid | curved like the letter s
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| rectum | widest division of large intestine that makes up the last 4" of LG intestine & ends @ anus
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| anus | lower opening of the digestive tract handling flow of waste w/ internal & external anal sphincters
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| anorectal | anus & rectum
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| liver | largest organ in body, removes toxins from blood & turns food to fuel & nutrients that body needs.
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| hepatic | pertaining to the liver
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| the liver & glycogen | Liver removes excess glucose (blood sugar) from bloodstream & stores it as glycogen. when blood sugar low, liver converts glycogen back to glucose & releases it to the body.
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| glycogen | form of glucose stored in the liver & muscles.
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| bilirubin | pigment excreted into digestive fluid called bile, giving it yellow to green color. Excessive amounts = jaundice & other diseases
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| bile | aids in digestion of fats, is digestive juice secreted by liver that is necessary for digestion of fat.
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| hepat | liver
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| the travel of bile | travels from liver to gallbladder, where it is concentrated & stored
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| biliary tree | provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine
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| biliary | pertaining to bile
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| common hepatic duct | trunk of the biliary tree is here
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| form biliary tree | small ducts in the liver join together like branches
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| cystic duct | bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters and exits through this narrow duct
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| common bile duct | where cystic duct leaving gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct
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| pancreatic duct | common bile duct joins this & together they enter the duodenum of small intestine
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| gallbladder | pear-shaped organ about size of egg located under liver. Stores & concentrates bile for later use.
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| when bile needed from gallbladder | gallbladder contracts, forcing bile out through biliary tree
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| cholecystic | pertaining to the gallbladder
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| pancreas | soft, 6" oblong gland that is located behind the stomach. Important for digestive & endocrine systems
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| pancreas functions for digestive system | produces & secretes pancreatic juices that aid in digestion & contain digestive enzymes & sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids
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| pancreatic | pertaining to the pancreas
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| pancreatic duct | where pancreatic juices leave the pancreas & duct joins common bile duct just before entrance to duodenum
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| digestion | process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
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| digestive enzymes | responsible for chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body
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| nutrient | a substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body.
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| primary, or macronutrients | carbohydrates, fats, & proteins.
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| essential micronutrients | vitamins & minerals, required in only small amounts
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| metabolism | includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients. Consists of anabolism & catabolism.
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| metabol | change
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| -ism | condition
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| anabolism | building up of body cells & substances from nutrients
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| catabolism | breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy & carbon dioxide.
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| absorption | process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
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| villi | finger-like projections that line the mucosa of the small intestine. Contain blood vessels & lacteals. Absorb nutrients directly from digestive system into bloodstream for delivery to cells of body
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| lacteals | specialized structures of the lymphatic system, absorb fats & fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by bloodstream. Absorb nutrients & transport via lymphatic vessels
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| mastication | aka chewing; breaks down food into smaller pieces, mixes it w/ saliva, & prepares it to be swallowed
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| bolus | mass of food that has been chewed & is ready to be swallowed.
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| food path from mouth to esophagus | mouth into pharynx, and on into the esophagus
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| once food it in the esophagus | it moves downward through the action of gravity & peristalisis.
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| peristalisis | series of wave-like contraction of smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system
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| gastric juices of the stomach... | contain hydrochloric acid & digestive enzymes to continue the breakdown of food. Few nutrients enter bloodstream through walls of stomach
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| churning action of stomach... | works w/ gastric juices by converting food into chyme
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| chyme | semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into small intestines
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| role of small intestine | conversion of food into usable nutrients completed as chyme is moved through small intestine by peristaltic action.
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| process inside duodenum | chyme mixed w/ pancreatic juice & bile. Bile breaks apart LG fat globules so that enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest fats
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| emulsification | when bile breaks apart LG fat globules so that enzymes in pancreatic juices can digest the fats.
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| emulsification must be completed before... | nutrients can be absorbed into the body
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| process inside jejunem | secretes LG amt of digestive enzymes & continues process of digestion
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| primary function of ileum | absorb nutrients from digested food
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| role of large intestine | receive the waste products of digestion & store them until eliminated from body
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| process inside large intestine | food enters LG intestine where excess water is reabsorbed into body through walls of LG intestine, helping maintain body's fluid balance. Remaining waste forms into feces
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| feces | aka solid body wastes, are expelled through the rectum & anus
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| defecation | aka bowl movement BM, the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
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| disruption of microflora from use of antibiotics | can lead to infections like c. diff.
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| gut microflora | billions of normal bacteria present in LG intestines to protect against infection & to help maintain immune system. Helps break down organic waste material.
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| borborygmus | rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
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| flatulence | aka flatus; passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
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| bariatrics | branch of medicine concerned w/ prevention & control of obesity & associated diseases
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| dentist | holds dr. of dental surgery (DDS) or Dr. of medical dentistry (DMD) degree & specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders of teeth & tissues of oral cavity
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| gastroenterologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders of stomach & intestines
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| oral or maxillofacial surgeon | specializes in surgery of face & jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, & repair injuries
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| orthodontist | dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of teeth & related facial structures
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| odont | teeth
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| peri- | surrounding
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| proctologist | physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, & anus
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| registered dietician | RD; specialist in food & nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy & counsels patients on improving dietary intake
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| aphthous ulcers | aka canker sores, mouth ulcers; gray-white pits w/ a red border in the soft tissues lining mouth. Cause unk, assoc. w/ stress, foods, fever
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| ulcer | open lesion of skin mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around edges
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| cheilosis | aka cheilitis; disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores @ corners of mouth
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| cheil | lips
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| herpes labialis | aka cold sores, fever blisters; blister-like sores on lips & adjacent facial tissue caused by oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
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| Most adults have been infected by this extremely common virus, & in some, it becomes reactivated periodically causing cold sores | HSV-1, oral herpes simplex virus type 1
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| leukoplakia | abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on tongue or inside cheek. Response to chronic irritation.
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| -plakia | plaque
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| stomatitis | inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
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| stoma | artificial mouth-like opening btw an organ & body's surface
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| stomatomycosis | any disease of the mouth due to fungus
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| myc | fungus
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| stomat/o | mouth or oral cavity
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| oral thrush | type of stomatomycosis that develops when fungus Candida albicans grows out of control. Creamy white lesions on tongue/ inner cheek. infants, older adults, or taking antibiotics
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| trismus | any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation assoc w/ treatment of oral cancer. Difficulty speaking & affects nutrition from impaired chewing & swallowing
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| xerostomia | aka dry mouth; lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by salivary glands. Caused by meds or radiation
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| xerostomia can cause | discomfort, difficulty in swallowing, changes in taste of food, & dental decay
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| cleft lip | aka harelip; birth defect in which there is a deep groove of lip running upward to nose as a result of lip not closing @ develop.
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| cleft palate | failure of palate to close during early development of fetus. Can involve upper lip, hard/ soft palate
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| bruxism | involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth typically @ sleep, associated w/ tension or stress - habitually during day.
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| bruxism damage | wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, & injures temporomandibular joint
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| dental carries | aka tooth decay or cavity; infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy enamel & dentin of tooth. If not fixed, exposed & infected
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| dental plaque | major cause o dental carries & periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near gums & btw teeth. Bacteria
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| plaque associated w/ heart conditions consists of | deposits of cholesterol that form w/in blood vessels
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| edentulous | w/o teeth, situation after natural permanent teeth have been lost
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| halitosis | aka bad breath; unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders
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| halit | breath
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| stom | mouth or oral cavity
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| -plakia | plaque
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| xer/o | dry
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| malocclusion | any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against lower teeth
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| periodontal disease | aka periodontitis; inflammation of the tissues that surround & support teeth. Progressive disease by degree of tissue involvem.
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| severe case of periodontal disease | gums & bone surrounding teeth are involved
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| dental calculus | aka tartar; dental plaque that has calcified on teeth, irritate surrounding tissues & can cause periodontal diseases
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| calcified | hardened
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| calculus | hard deposits, such as gallstones or kidney stones, that form in other parts of body
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| gingivitis | earliest stage of periodontal disease, & inflammation affects only gums
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| gingiv | gums
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| acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis | ANUG or trench mouth; caused by abnormal bacterial growth in mouth. As progresses: inflam, bleeding, ulceration, tissue death
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| necrotizing | causing ongoing tissue death
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| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing
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| -phagia | swallowing
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| eosinophilic esophagitis | chronic immune system disease in which a type of WBC called eosinophil builds up in esophagus, usually from food allergy.
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease | GERD; upward flow of acid from stomach into esophagus. Stomach acid irritates/ damages esophagus lining
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| reflux | backward or return flow
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| Barrett's esophagus | condition that occurs when cells in epithelial tissue of esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure. Complication of GERD
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| stricture | abnormal narrowing of esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage that can cause swallowing difficulties
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| pyrosis | heartburn; burning sensation caused by return of acidic stomach contents into esophagus
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| esophageal varices | enlarged & swollen veins @ lower end of esophagus. Severe bleeding occurs if one of these veins rupture
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| hiatal hernia | anatomical abnormality which portion of stomach protrudes upward into chest, through opening in diagphragm
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| hernia | protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues that normally contain it, can cause GERD and pyrosis
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| gastritis | common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
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| gastroenteritis | inflammation of mucous membrane lining stomach & intestines
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| gastroparesis | condition in which muscles in stomach slow down & work poorly or not at all, preventing stomach from emptying normally
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| -paresis | partial paralysis
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| gastrorrhea | excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in stomach
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| peptic ulcers | sores that affect mucous membranes of the digestive system, caused by bacteria Helicobacter pylori or meds that irritate
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| pept | digestion
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| peptic ulcer disease | the condition of having peptic ulcers
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| gastric ulcers | peptic ulcers that occur in stomach
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| duodenal ulcers | peptic ulcers that occur in upper part of small intestine
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| perforating ulcer | complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall
🗑
|
||||
| anorexia | loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease.
🗑
|
||||
| cachexia | condition of physical wasting away due to loss of weight & muscle mass that occurs in patients w/ diseases such as cancer/ AIDS. Might eat enough, but body won't absorb enough nutrients
🗑
|
||||
| dehydration | condition which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake & disrupts body's normal electrolyte balance
🗑
|
||||
| malnutrition | lack of proper food or nutrients in body due to shortage of food, poor habits, or inability of body to digest, absorb, distribute
🗑
|
||||
| malabsorbtion | condition in which small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
🗑
|
||||
| obesity | excessive accumulation of fat in body, frequently present as comorbidity w/ conditions like hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| obese | usually used to refer to individuals who are more than 20% to 30% over established weight standards for height/age/gender
🗑
|
||||
| gender | differences btw men & women
🗑
|
||||
| morbid obestity | aka severe obesity; condition of weighing 2x more than ideal weight or having BMI value over 40
🗑
|
||||
| "morbid" for morbid obesity | diseased state
🗑
|
||||
| body mass index | BMI, # that shows body weight adjusted for height. Underweight, normal, overweight, obese. High BMI factor for diseases
🗑
|
||||
| comorbidity | presence of more than one disease or health condition in an individual at a given time
🗑
|
||||
| aerophagia | excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking & is common cause of gas in stomach
🗑
|
||||
| dyspepsia | aka indigestion; pain or discomfort in digestion
🗑
|
||||
| -pepsia | digestion
🗑
|
||||
| dys- | painful
🗑
|
||||
| emesis | aka vomiting; reflex ejection of stomach contents outward through mouth
🗑
|
||||
| -emesis | aka vomiting; reflex ejection of stomach contents outward through mouth
🗑
|
||||
| eructation | act of belching or raising gas orally from stomach
🗑
|
||||
| hematemesis | vomiting of blood, often resembles coffee grounds
🗑
|
||||
| hyperemesis | extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
🗑
|
||||
| morning sickness | hyperemesis during early stages of pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| nausea | urge to vomit
🗑
|
||||
| regurgitation | return of swallowed food into mouth
🗑
|
||||
| celiac disease | hereditary autoimmune disorder characterized by severe reaction to foods containing gluten. Damages villi of small intesting & can cause malabsorbtion
🗑
|
||||
| gluten | type of protein found in grains such as wheat, barley, & rye
🗑
|
||||
| gluten intolerance | aka non-celiac gluten sensitivity; response to gluten involving digestive distress but not intestinal tissue damage like celiac
🗑
|
||||
| gluten intolerance is sometimes caused by an... | allergy to wheat
🗑
|
||||
| food allergy | an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food
🗑
|
||||
| lactose intolerance | inability to digest dairy products due to absence of enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar in milk/ dairy
🗑
|
||||
| lactose intolerance common for | African-Americans & East Asians
🗑
|
||||
| colorectal carcinoma | aka colon cancer; often 1st manifests itself in polyps in colon
🗑
|
||||
| polyp | mushroom like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, not all are malignant
🗑
|
||||
| diverticulosis | chronic presence of an abnormal # of diverticula in colon. Often no symptoms, related to low fiber diet
🗑
|
||||
| diverticul | diverticulum
🗑
|
||||
| diverticulum | small pouch, or sac, found in lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
🗑
|
||||
| diverticulitis | sometimes develops as a result of diverticulosis, inflammation or infection of 1 or more diverticulum in colon
🗑
|
||||
| enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated w/ viral or bacterial pathogens
🗑
|
||||
| ischemic colitis | occurs when part of LG intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood. Lack of blood persists, then leads to inflammation & permanent damage of affected area.
🗑
|
||||
| ileus | aka paralytic ileus; partial or complete blockage of the SM or LG intestine, caused by stopping of normal peristalsis in this area of intestine.
🗑
|
||||
| symptoms of ileus | severe pain, cramping, abdominal distention, vomiting, & inability to pass gas or stools
🗑
|
||||
| postoperative ileus | temporary impairment (stoppage) of bowel action that is considered to be a normal response to abdominal surgery. 24-72 hrs
🗑
|
||||
| irritable bowel syndrome | IBS; common condition of unk. cause w/ symptoms that can include intermitent cramping & abdominal pain, w/ constipation or diarrhea. Aggravated by stress/ foods, not pathogens
🗑
|
||||
| inflammatory bowel disease | IBD; general name for diseases that cause inflammation & swelling in intestines. Ulcerative colitis & Crohn's disease
🗑
|
||||
| ulcerative colitis & Crohn's disease | most common IBD, chronic, incurable, can affect LG & SM intestines, similar symptoms: ab pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, rectal bleeding, diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| flares | intervals of active disease alternating w/ periods of remission, for ulcerative colitis & Crohn's. Treatment meds, surgery
🗑
|
||||
| ulcerative colitis | chronic condition of unk cause which repeated episodes of inflam in rectum & LG intestine cause ulcers & irritation
🗑
|
||||
| Area of ulcerative colitis | starts in rectum & progresses upward to lower part of colon (can entire LG int), affects only innermost lining & not deep tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Crohn's disease | CD; chronic autoimmune disorder can occur anywhere in digestive tract - most common in ileum & colon. Penetrates every layer of affected area, so scarring & thickening of walls.
🗑
|
||||
| common complication of Crohn's disease | blockage of intestine due to swelling & scarring
🗑
|
||||
| intestinal obstruction | partial or complete blockage of SM or LG intestine caused by physical obstruction. Many causes
🗑
|
||||
| intestinal adhesions | abnormally hold together parts of intestine that should be separate. Condition caused by inflammation or trauma.
🗑
|
||||
| strangulating obstruction | blood flow to a segment of intestine blocked. Can lead to gangrene or perforation.
🗑
|
||||
| gangrene | tissue death that is associated w/ loss of normal circulation
🗑
|
||||
| perforation | describes hole through wall of a structure
🗑
|
||||
| volvulus | twisting of intestine on itself, causing an obstruction. Can cause necrosis of affected segment of bowel.
🗑
|
||||
| volvulus is Latin word that means | rolled up or twisted
🗑
|
||||
| intussusception | telescoping of one part of the SM intestine into opening of an immediately adjacent part, rare but serious condition found in children btw 3mo-6yr
🗑
|
||||
| intussuscept | to take up or to receive within
🗑
|
||||
| inguinal hernia | protrusion of small loop of bowel through a weak place in lower abdominal wall or groin. Caused by obesity, preganancy, heavy lifing, or straining to pass stool
🗑
|
||||
| strangulated hernia | occurs when portion of intestine is constricted inside hernia, causing ischemia in this tissue by cutting off blood supply
🗑
|
||||
| ischemia | insufficient oxygen
🗑
|
||||
| infections diseases of intestines - how transmitted, most common | through contaminated food/ water or poor sanitation process. Clostridium difficile, dysentery, E. coli, Salmonellosis
🗑
|
||||
| Clostridium difficile | C. diff; bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria. Causes diarrhea & inflammation of colon.
🗑
|
||||
| Infection control measures for C. diff | hand-scrubbing or wearing gloves can help prevent spread
🗑
|
||||
| dysentery | bacterial infection that occurs most frequently in tropical countries where spread through food/ water contaminated by human feces
🗑
|
||||
| E. coli | caused by bacterium Escherichia coli, transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked
🗑
|
||||
| salmonellosis | aka salmonella; transmitted by feces through direct contact w/ animals or by eating contaminated raw or under-cooked meats, eggs, or unpasteurized milk/ cheese products.
🗑
|
||||
| anal fissure | small crack-like sore in skin of anus that can cause severe pain during bowel movement
🗑
|
||||
| fissure | groove or crack-like sore of skin
🗑
|
||||
| bowel incontinence | inability to control the excretion of feces
🗑
|
||||
| constipation | having a bowel movement fewer than 3x wk. Stools dry, hard, small, difficult to eliminate.
🗑
|
||||
| constipation caused by | lack of fiber in diet, disease, side effect of a certain drug, & pelvic floor dysfunction (women)
🗑
|
||||
| pelvic floor disfunction | lack of coordination of the muscles needed for the rectum to straighten & the anal sphincter to relax
🗑
|
||||
| diarrhea | abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools & can lead to dehydration
🗑
|
||||
| hemorrhoids | occur when cluster of veins, muscles, & tissues slip near or through the anal opening. Can become inflamed, painful, fecal leakage, itching, bleeding.
🗑
|
||||
| rectocele | bulging of front wall of rectum into vagina, usually as result of childbirth or pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| -cele | hernia
🗑
|
||||
| hematochezia | presence of bright red blood in stool. Usually indicates blood coming from lower part of GI tract
🗑
|
||||
| melena | passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools - due to presence of digested blood & often indicates bleeding in upper part of GI
🗑
|
||||
| steatorrhea | presence of excess fat in stool which results in frothy, foul-smelling stools, usually caused by pancreatic disease, removal of gallbladder, or malabsorption disorders
🗑
|
||||
| liver disorders are a major concern b/c | functioning of liver is essential to digestive process
🗑
|
||||
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity. Usually result of severe liver disease creating pressure on liver's blood vessels.
🗑
|
||||
| serous | substance having watery consistency
🗑
|
||||
| hepatomegaly | abnormal enlargement of liver
🗑
|
||||
| steat/o | fat
🗑
|
||||
| jaundice | yellow discoloration of skin, mucous membranes, & eyes. Caused by greater-than-normal amts of bilirubin in blood
🗑
|
||||
| hepatitis | inflammation of liver usually caused by viral infection.
🗑
|
||||
| viral hepatitis | leading cause of liver cancer & most common reason for liver transplant
🗑
|
||||
| 3 most common varieties of viral hepatitis | HAV Hepatitis A Virus, HBC Hepatitis B Virus, & HCV Hepatitis C Virus
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis A Virus | most prevalent type, highly contagious transmitted mainly through contamination of food/ water w/ infected fecal matter.
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis B Virus | bloodborne disease transmitted through contact w/ blood & other body fluids that are contaminated w/ virus.
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis C Virus | bloodborne disease spread through contact w/ blood & other body fluids that are contaminated w/ virus. Silent epidemic.
🗑
|
||||
| Which form of hepatitis virus is silent epidemic & why | Hep C b/c it can be present in body for years & destroy the liver before any symptoms appear
🗑
|
||||
| Which forms of hepatitis can you get a vaccine for immunity? | HAV & HBV, but not HCV
🗑
|
||||
| clinical conditions associated w/ cirrhosis of the liver | mental confusion, spider angiomas, esophageal varices, scarred liver tissue, abdominal ascites, testicular atrophy, edema, gynecomastia, splenomegaly, erythema of palms, skin hemorrhages
🗑
|
||||
| cholecystisis | inflammation of the gallbladder, usually assoc. w/ gallstones blocking flow of bile
🗑
|
||||
| gallstone | aka cholelith; hard deposit formed in gallbladder & bile ducts due to concretion of bile components
🗑
|
||||
| cholelithiasis | presence of gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts
🗑
|
||||
| -lithiasis | presence of stones
🗑
|
||||
| biliary colic | pain caused by passage of gallstone through bile duct
🗑
|
||||
| abdominal computed tomography | CT; radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure w/in abdomen looking for tumor or obstruction (ex)
🗑
|
||||
| abdominal ultrasound | noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves.
🗑
|
||||
| cholangiography | radiographic exam of bile ducts w/ use of contrast medium. Identify obstructions in liver or bile ducts that slow or block flow of bile from liver
🗑
|
||||
| cholangiogram | resulting record from a cholangiography
🗑
|
||||
| cholangi/o | bile duct
🗑
|
||||
| enema | placement of solution into rectum & colon to empty lower intestine through bowel activity. Sometimes prep for endoscopic exam, also used to treat severe constipation to inject meds
🗑
|
||||
| esophagogastroduodenoscopy | endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of upper GI tract & includes esophagus, stomach, & upper duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| upper GI series | radiographic study to examine upper digestive system. Barium swallowed to make structures visible
🗑
|
||||
| lower GI series | radiographic study to examine lower digestive system. Barium inserted via rectum to make structures visible
🗑
|
||||
| barium | contrast medium to make structures visible during upper/ lower GI exams
🗑
|
||||
| stool samples | specimens of feces that are examined for content & characteristics.
🗑
|
||||
| fatty stool sample | might indicate presence of pancreatic disease
🗑
|
||||
| O&P | ova (parasite eggs) and parasites - cultures of stool samples can be examined for presence of this or bacteria in lab.
🗑
|
||||
| endoscope | instrument used for endoscopy
🗑
|
||||
| endoscopy | visual examination of internal structures
🗑
|
||||
| anoscopy | visual examination of anal canal & lower rectum
🗑
|
||||
| capsule endoscopy | use of tiny video camera in capsule that patient swallows. Takes photos for 8 hr trip through sm intestine & transmits images
🗑
|
||||
| where is data collector of capsule endoscopy? | sensor devices detecting images are attached to patient's abdomen & are transmitted to data recorder on patient's belt
🗑
|
||||
| diagnostic tests for the early detection of polyps that may be cancerous | colonoscopy, virtual colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, Hemoccult test, Cologuard.
🗑
|
||||
| colonoscopy | COL; direct visual exam of inner surface of the entire colon from rectum to cecum using colonoscope
🗑
|
||||
| virtual colonoscopy | small, flexible tube inserted into rectum & MRI or CT machine is used to produce 2 & 3 dim images of colon.
🗑
|
||||
| sigmoidoscopy | endoscopic exam of interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, & possibly portion of descending colon
🗑
|
||||
| Hemoccult test | aka fecal occult blood test; lab test for hidden blood in stool. Kit to obtain samples & home & shipped to lab for evaluation
🗑
|
||||
| Cologuard | recently developed, noninvasive, collect-at-home stool test that uses DNA testing w/ screening for hidden blood to determine potential for colorectal cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Hemoccult & Cologuard are capitalized because | Brand names
🗑
|
||||
| antioxidants | chemicals such as vitamins A, C, E; carotene: and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals
🗑
|
||||
| What foods typically have antioxidants? | fruits, beans, berries, nuts, & dark chocolate
🗑
|
||||
| probiotics | living microorganisms sometimes described as "good" bacteria b/c of their role in aiding digestion & protecting body from harmful bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| pro- | supporting
🗑
|
||||
| prebiotics | nondigestible carbs that probiotics feed on.
🗑
|
||||
| What foods typically contain prebiotics & probiotics? | yogurt, some dairy drinks, & supplements
🗑
|
||||
| antacids | neutralize acids in stomach & are taken to relieve discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal
🗑
|
||||
| proton pump inhibitors | decrease amt of acid produced by stomach. Meds used to treat symptoms of GERD.
🗑
|
||||
| antiemetic | medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea & vomiting
🗑
|
||||
| anti- | against
🗑
|
||||
| emet | vomit
🗑
|
||||
| laxatives | meds or foods given to stimulate bowel movements
🗑
|
||||
| bulk-forming laxatives | ex bran, treat constipation by helping fecal matter retain water & remain soft as it moves through intestines
🗑
|
||||
| antimotility drugs | OTC meds used to treat diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| antacids | OTC meds used to treat upset stomach
🗑
|
||||
| intravenous fluids | IV; administered to combat effects of dehydration
🗑
|
||||
| oral rehydration therapy | ORT; treatment in which solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially young kids
🗑
|
||||
| dental prophylaxis | professional cleaning of teeth to remove plaque & calculus
🗑
|
||||
| prophylaxis | treatment to prevent a disease or stop it from spreading
🗑
|
||||
| dental implant | anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw.
🗑
|
||||
| crown | metal or porcelain alloy cap shaped like a damaged tooth cemented over the remaining tooth structure
🗑
|
||||
| bridge | fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to adjacent teeth
🗑
|
||||
| denture | plate holding 1 or more replacement teeth
🗑
|
||||
| conventional dentures | aka full or partial set of false teeth, are removable
🗑
|
||||
| root canal | refers to both pulp cavity in root of tooth & a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in root canal is removed to save tooth
🗑
|
||||
| after root canal is free from infection, the cavity is | filled w/ protective substance & sealed
🗑
|
||||
| gingivectomy | surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
🗑
|
||||
| maxillofacial surgery | specialized surgery of the face & jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, & repair injuries
🗑
|
||||
| palatoplasty | surgical repair of a cleft palate, also used to refer to repair of cleft lip
🗑
|
||||
| gastrectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| nasogastric intubation | NG tube; placement of a feeding tube through nose & into stomach. Temporarily provides nutrition for patients that cannot take nutrients by mouth.
🗑
|
||||
| gastrostomy tube | aka G-tube. surgically placed feeding tube from exterior of body directly into stomach. Permanently placed to provide nutrients
🗑
|
||||
| total parenteral nutrition | administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating. All through specialized solution administered intravenously.
🗑
|
||||
| parenteral | not in or through digestive system
🗑
|
||||
| bariatric surgery | performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting amt of food that can enter the stomach & be digested. Limit food intake.
🗑
|
||||
| gastric bypass surgery | aka Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; makes stomach smaller by stapling section to create small pouch & causes food to bypass the 1st part of small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| lap-band adjustable gastric banding | LAGB; involves placing inflatable band around exterior of stomach to restrict amt of food that can enter. Reversible.
🗑
|
||||
| endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty | 1 of several endoscopic options for bariatric surgeries requiring general anesthesia. Stomach sutured to make into small tube, reducing capacity significantly
🗑
|
||||
| colectomy | surgical removal of all or part of colon
🗑
|
||||
| colotomy | surgical incision into colon
🗑
|
||||
| diverticulectomy | surgical removal or diverticulum
🗑
|
||||
| gastroduodenostomy | establishment of an anastomosis btw upper portion of stomach & duodenum. Performed to treat stomach cancer or remove malfunctioning pyloric valve
🗑
|
||||
| anastomosis | surgical connection btw 2 hollow, or tubular, structures
🗑
|
||||
| ileectomy | surgical removal of the ileum
🗑
|
||||
| ostomy | aka stoma; surgical procedure to create an artificial opening btw an organ & body surface
🗑
|
||||
| ileostomy | surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening btw the ileum, @ end of sm intestine, & the outside of the abdominal wall
🗑
|
||||
| ile | small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| colostomy | surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening btw colon & body surface. Fecal matter flows into bag
🗑
|
||||
| hemorrhoidectomy | surgical removal of hemorrhoids
🗑
|
||||
| rubber band ligation | used instead of surgery for hemorrhoids where rubber bands cut off circulation @ base of hemorrhoid causing it to fall off
🗑
|
||||
| ligation | tying off of blood vessels or ducts
🗑
|
||||
| proctopexy | surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ.
🗑
|
||||
| -pexy | surgical fixation
🗑
|
||||
| prolapse | falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part
🗑
|
||||
| hepatectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the liver
🗑
|
||||
| liver transplant | option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer. Liver tissue regenerates
🗑
|
||||
| partial liver transplant | Since liver tissue regenerates, sometimes only portion of organ donated & can be from living donor match
🗑
|
||||
| choledocholithotomy | incision into common bile duct for removal of gallstone
🗑
|
||||
| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbladder
🗑
|
||||
| open cholecystectomy | gallbladder removal performed through incision in RT side of upper abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | aka lap choley; surgical removal of gallbladder using laparoscope & other instruments through 3 or 4 small incisions in abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| BMI | body mass index
🗑
|
||||
| COL | colonoscopy
🗑
|
||||
| EGD | esophagogastroduodenoscopy
🗑
|
||||
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease
🗑
|
||||
| GI | gastrointestinal
🗑
|
||||
| IH | inguinal hernia
🗑
|
||||
| IBD | inflammatory bowel disease
🗑
|
||||
| IBS | irritable bowel syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| NG tube | nasogastric tube
🗑
|
||||
| PUD | peptic ulcer disease
🗑
|
||||
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition
🗑
|
||||
| UC | ulcerative colitis
🗑
|
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