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Med Term CH8
Med Term CH8 Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an/o | anus, ring |
| chol/e | bile, gall |
| cholecyst/o | gallbladder |
| col/o | colon, large intestine |
| colon/o | colon, large intestine |
| -emsis | vomiting |
| enter/o | small intestine |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| gastr/o | stomach, belly |
| hepat/o | liver |
| -lithiasis | presence of stones |
| -pepsia | digest, digestion |
| -phagia | eating, swallowing |
| proct/o | anus and rectum |
| rect/o | rectum, straight |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| gastrointestinal tract | aka GI tract, stomach and intestines |
| digestive system | upper GI tract and lower GI tract |
| Upper GI tract parts | mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, & stomach. |
| Upper GI tract functions | transports food from entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach |
| Lower GI tract parts | "bowels," small & large intestines plus rectum and anus |
| Lower GI tract functions | digestion is completed and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body. |
| Accessory organs of the digestive system | liver, gallbladder, & pancreas - play a key role in digestive process, but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract. |
| oral cavity, major structures | aka mouth; lips, hard & soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium. |
| lips | aka labia; surround the opening to oral cavity, important role in breathing, speaking, & expression of emotions. |
| holds the food in mouth | lips, tongue, and cheeks |
| palate | forms roof of the mouth and consists of 3 parts: hard palate, soft palate, & uvula |
| hard palate | anterior portion of the palate covered w/ specialized mucous membrane |
| rugae | irregular ridges or folds in the mucous membrane of the hard palate |
| soft palate | flexible posterior portion of palate, closes off nasal passage to prevent food & liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity when swallowing. |
| uvula | hangs from free edge of soft palate and moves upward during swallowing w/ soft palate. Important role in snoring & formation of some speech sounds |
| tongue | very strong, flexible, & muscular. Posterior attached, anterior is free & flexible, important for chewing, speaking, swallowing |
| dorsum | upper surface of the tongue w/ tough protective covering & some papillae |
| papillae | on dorsum of tongue, small bumps containing taste buds, which are sensory receptors for sense of taste |
| sublingual surface of tongue | under the tongue & highly vascular tissue surrounding. |
| administering medications sublingually | since highly vascular area, placing medications under tongue allows them to be quickly absorbed into bloodstream |
| lingual frenum | band of tissue that attaches tongue to floor of mouth and limits motion of tongue |
| periodontium | structures that surround, support, & are attached to the teeth. Consists of bone of dental arches & soft tissues that surround/ support teeth |
| odonti | teeth |
| peri- | surrounding |
| gingiva | aka masticatory mucosa or gums, specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches & surrounds neck of teeth |
| sulcus | area of space btw tooth & surrounding gingiva. Buildup of food, debris, bacteria can lead to infection. |
| dental arches | bony structures of the oral cavity that hold teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing & speaking. |
| sulci | space btw tooth & surrounding gingiva OR fissures in cerebral cortex of the brain |
| maxillary arch | upper jaw & consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull. Does not move |
| mandibular arch | lower jaw & is a separate bone that is the only movable component of the joint. |
| temporomandibular joint | TMJ, formed @ back of mouth where maxillary & mandibular arches come together |
| dentition | the natural teeth arranged in upper & lower jaws. 4 types in humans: incisors, canines, premolars, molars |
| incisors | used for biting and tearing |
| canines | aka cuspids, used for biting & tearing |
| premolars | aka bicuspids, used for chewing & grinding |
| molars | used for chewing & grinding |
| primary dentition | aka baby teeth, deciduous dentition, 20 teeth in early childhood & lost/ replaced w/ permanent. 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars (0 premolars) |
| permanent dentition | 32 teeth designed to last lifetime; 20 replace primary dentition & 12 @ back. 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, 12 molars. |
| occulsion (teeth) | in dentistry, describes any contact btw chewing surfaces of upper & lower teeth |
| crown (teeth) | portion of tooth that is visible in the mouth and covered by enamel |
| enamel (teeth) | hardest substance in body |
| roots (teeth) | hold tooth securely in place w/in dental arch, protected by cementum |
| cementum (teeth) | hard substance that protects roots, not as hard as enamel |
| cervix (teeth) | neck of the tooth, where crown and root meet |
| dentin (teeth) | makes up bulk of the tooth, the portion that is above the gum line is covered w/ enamel. |
| pulp cavity (teeth) | area w/in crown & roots of tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth. |
| root canals (teeth) | pulp continues into this space |
| pulp (teeth) | consists of rich supply of blood vessels & nerves that provide nutrients & innervation to the tooth |
| saliva | colorless liquid that maintains moisture in mouth, health of teeth, & begins digestive process by lubricating food. |
| mechanical digestion | chewing & swallowing food |
| amylase | digestive enzyme in saliva for 1st step in chemical digestion |
| salivary glands | 3 pairs: parotid, sublingual, submandibular; secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth |
| parotid glands | located on face, slightly in front of each ear. Ducts for these glands on inside of cheek near upper molars |
| sublingual glands | located on floor of mouth under tongue, along w/ their ducts |
| submandibular glands | located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible, along w/ their ducts |
| pharynx | common passageway for both respiration & digestion, plays important role in deglutition. |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| epiglottis | lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea to prevent food & liquids from moving pharynx during swallowing |
| trachea | windpipe |
| esophagus | muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach |
| lower esophageal sphincter | aka cardiac sphincter, muscular ring btw the esophagus & stomach. During swallowing, relaxes to allow food to enter stomach |
| regurgitating | flowing backward |
| when does lower esophageal sphincter open/ close | opens to allow flow of food into stomach & closes to prevent stomach contents from regurgitating into esophagus |
| stomach | sac-like organ composed of fundus, body, antrum |
| fundus (stomach) | upper, rounded part |
| body (stomach) | main portion |
| antrum (stomach) | lower part |
| rugae | folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach, allow stomach to increase & decrease in size. Glands in the folds produce gastric juices |
| gastric juices | made up of enzymes & hydrochloric acid that aid in starting food digestion. Mucus produced by glands in stomach create protective coating on lining of stomach. |
| pyloric sphincter | ring-like muscle @ base of stomach that controls flow of partially digested food from stomach to the duodenum of sm intestine |
| pylorus | narrow passage that connects the stomach w/ small intestine |
| small intestine | extends from pyloric sphincter to 1st part of LG intestine. Coiled organ is up to 20' & has 3 sections. |
| happens in 3 sections of small intestine | food is digested & nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream |
| 3 sections of small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, & ileum |
| duodenum | 1st portion of small intestine & extends from pylorus of stomach to the jejunum |
| jejunum | middle portion of small intestine that extends from duodenum to the ileum |
| ileum | last & longest portion of small intestine that extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the LG intestine |
| large intestine | extends from end of small intestine to anus & is 2x's as wide as sm intestine, 1/4 as long. |
| happens in large intestine | waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus |
| 4 major parts of large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum, anus |
| cecum | pouch that lies on the right side of abdomen that extends from end of ileum to beginning of colon |
| ileocecal sphincter | ring-like muscle that controls flow from ileum of small intestine into cecum of large intestine |
| vermiform appendix | aka appendix; hangs from lower portion of cecum, consists of lymphoid tissue |
| vermiform | worm-like shape |
| colon | longest portion of the large intestine, divided into 4 parts |
| 4 sections of colon | ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid |
| ascending colon | travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver |
| transverse colon | passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from RT to LT toward spleen |
| transverse | accross |
| descending colon | travels down the LT side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon. |
| descending | downward |
| sigmoid colon | S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above & joins rectum below |
| sigmoid | curved like the letter s |
| rectum | widest division of large intestine that makes up the last 4" of LG intestine & ends @ anus |
| anus | lower opening of the digestive tract handling flow of waste w/ internal & external anal sphincters |
| anorectal | anus & rectum |
| liver | largest organ in body, removes toxins from blood & turns food to fuel & nutrients that body needs. |
| hepatic | pertaining to the liver |
| the liver & glycogen | Liver removes excess glucose (blood sugar) from bloodstream & stores it as glycogen. when blood sugar low, liver converts glycogen back to glucose & releases it to the body. |
| glycogen | form of glucose stored in the liver & muscles. |
| bilirubin | pigment excreted into digestive fluid called bile, giving it yellow to green color. Excessive amounts = jaundice & other diseases |
| bile | aids in digestion of fats, is digestive juice secreted by liver that is necessary for digestion of fat. |
| hepat | liver |
| the travel of bile | travels from liver to gallbladder, where it is concentrated & stored |
| biliary tree | provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine |
| biliary | pertaining to bile |
| common hepatic duct | trunk of the biliary tree is here |
| form biliary tree | small ducts in the liver join together like branches |
| cystic duct | bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters and exits through this narrow duct |
| common bile duct | where cystic duct leaving gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct |
| pancreatic duct | common bile duct joins this & together they enter the duodenum of small intestine |
| gallbladder | pear-shaped organ about size of egg located under liver. Stores & concentrates bile for later use. |
| when bile needed from gallbladder | gallbladder contracts, forcing bile out through biliary tree |
| cholecystic | pertaining to the gallbladder |
| pancreas | soft, 6" oblong gland that is located behind the stomach. Important for digestive & endocrine systems |
| pancreas functions for digestive system | produces & secretes pancreatic juices that aid in digestion & contain digestive enzymes & sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids |
| pancreatic | pertaining to the pancreas |
| pancreatic duct | where pancreatic juices leave the pancreas & duct joins common bile duct just before entrance to duodenum |
| digestion | process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use |
| digestive enzymes | responsible for chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body |
| nutrient | a substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body. |
| primary, or macronutrients | carbohydrates, fats, & proteins. |
| essential micronutrients | vitamins & minerals, required in only small amounts |
| metabolism | includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients. Consists of anabolism & catabolism. |
| metabol | change |
| -ism | condition |
| anabolism | building up of body cells & substances from nutrients |
| catabolism | breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy & carbon dioxide. |
| absorption | process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body |
| villi | finger-like projections that line the mucosa of the small intestine. Contain blood vessels & lacteals. Absorb nutrients directly from digestive system into bloodstream for delivery to cells of body |
| lacteals | specialized structures of the lymphatic system, absorb fats & fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by bloodstream. Absorb nutrients & transport via lymphatic vessels |
| mastication | aka chewing; breaks down food into smaller pieces, mixes it w/ saliva, & prepares it to be swallowed |
| bolus | mass of food that has been chewed & is ready to be swallowed. |
| food path from mouth to esophagus | mouth into pharynx, and on into the esophagus |
| once food it in the esophagus | it moves downward through the action of gravity & peristalisis. |
| peristalisis | series of wave-like contraction of smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system |
| gastric juices of the stomach... | contain hydrochloric acid & digestive enzymes to continue the breakdown of food. Few nutrients enter bloodstream through walls of stomach |
| churning action of stomach... | works w/ gastric juices by converting food into chyme |
| chyme | semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into small intestines |
| role of small intestine | conversion of food into usable nutrients completed as chyme is moved through small intestine by peristaltic action. |
| process inside duodenum | chyme mixed w/ pancreatic juice & bile. Bile breaks apart LG fat globules so that enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest fats |
| emulsification | when bile breaks apart LG fat globules so that enzymes in pancreatic juices can digest the fats. |
| emulsification must be completed before... | nutrients can be absorbed into the body |
| process inside jejunem | secretes LG amt of digestive enzymes & continues process of digestion |
| primary function of ileum | absorb nutrients from digested food |
| role of large intestine | receive the waste products of digestion & store them until eliminated from body |
| process inside large intestine | food enters LG intestine where excess water is reabsorbed into body through walls of LG intestine, helping maintain body's fluid balance. Remaining waste forms into feces |
| feces | aka solid body wastes, are expelled through the rectum & anus |
| defecation | aka bowl movement BM, the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine |
| disruption of microflora from use of antibiotics | can lead to infections like c. diff. |
| gut microflora | billions of normal bacteria present in LG intestines to protect against infection & to help maintain immune system. Helps break down organic waste material. |
| borborygmus | rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine |
| flatulence | aka flatus; passage of gas out of the body through the rectum |
| bariatrics | branch of medicine concerned w/ prevention & control of obesity & associated diseases |
| dentist | holds dr. of dental surgery (DDS) or Dr. of medical dentistry (DMD) degree & specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders of teeth & tissues of oral cavity |
| gastroenterologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating diseases & disorders of stomach & intestines |
| oral or maxillofacial surgeon | specializes in surgery of face & jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, & repair injuries |
| orthodontist | dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of teeth & related facial structures |
| odont | teeth |
| peri- | surrounding |
| proctologist | physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, & anus |
| registered dietician | RD; specialist in food & nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy & counsels patients on improving dietary intake |
| aphthous ulcers | aka canker sores, mouth ulcers; gray-white pits w/ a red border in the soft tissues lining mouth. Cause unk, assoc. w/ stress, foods, fever |
| ulcer | open lesion of skin mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around edges |
| cheilosis | aka cheilitis; disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores @ corners of mouth |
| cheil | lips |
| herpes labialis | aka cold sores, fever blisters; blister-like sores on lips & adjacent facial tissue caused by oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) |
| Most adults have been infected by this extremely common virus, & in some, it becomes reactivated periodically causing cold sores | HSV-1, oral herpes simplex virus type 1 |
| leukoplakia | abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on tongue or inside cheek. Response to chronic irritation. |
| -plakia | plaque |
| stomatitis | inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth |
| stoma | artificial mouth-like opening btw an organ & body's surface |
| stomatomycosis | any disease of the mouth due to fungus |
| myc | fungus |
| stomat/o | mouth or oral cavity |
| oral thrush | type of stomatomycosis that develops when fungus Candida albicans grows out of control. Creamy white lesions on tongue/ inner cheek. infants, older adults, or taking antibiotics |
| trismus | any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation assoc w/ treatment of oral cancer. Difficulty speaking & affects nutrition from impaired chewing & swallowing |
| xerostomia | aka dry mouth; lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by salivary glands. Caused by meds or radiation |
| xerostomia can cause | discomfort, difficulty in swallowing, changes in taste of food, & dental decay |
| cleft lip | aka harelip; birth defect in which there is a deep groove of lip running upward to nose as a result of lip not closing @ develop. |
| cleft palate | failure of palate to close during early development of fetus. Can involve upper lip, hard/ soft palate |
| bruxism | involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth typically @ sleep, associated w/ tension or stress - habitually during day. |
| bruxism damage | wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, & injures temporomandibular joint |
| dental carries | aka tooth decay or cavity; infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy enamel & dentin of tooth. If not fixed, exposed & infected |
| dental plaque | major cause o dental carries & periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near gums & btw teeth. Bacteria |
| plaque associated w/ heart conditions consists of | deposits of cholesterol that form w/in blood vessels |
| edentulous | w/o teeth, situation after natural permanent teeth have been lost |
| halitosis | aka bad breath; unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders |
| halit | breath |
| stom | mouth or oral cavity |
| -plakia | plaque |
| xer/o | dry |
| malocclusion | any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against lower teeth |
| periodontal disease | aka periodontitis; inflammation of the tissues that surround & support teeth. Progressive disease by degree of tissue involvem. |
| severe case of periodontal disease | gums & bone surrounding teeth are involved |
| dental calculus | aka tartar; dental plaque that has calcified on teeth, irritate surrounding tissues & can cause periodontal diseases |
| calcified | hardened |
| calculus | hard deposits, such as gallstones or kidney stones, that form in other parts of body |
| gingivitis | earliest stage of periodontal disease, & inflammation affects only gums |
| gingiv | gums |
| acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis | ANUG or trench mouth; caused by abnormal bacterial growth in mouth. As progresses: inflam, bleeding, ulceration, tissue death |
| necrotizing | causing ongoing tissue death |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| -phagia | swallowing |
| eosinophilic esophagitis | chronic immune system disease in which a type of WBC called eosinophil builds up in esophagus, usually from food allergy. |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease | GERD; upward flow of acid from stomach into esophagus. Stomach acid irritates/ damages esophagus lining |
| reflux | backward or return flow |
| Barrett's esophagus | condition that occurs when cells in epithelial tissue of esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure. Complication of GERD |
| stricture | abnormal narrowing of esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage that can cause swallowing difficulties |
| pyrosis | heartburn; burning sensation caused by return of acidic stomach contents into esophagus |
| esophageal varices | enlarged & swollen veins @ lower end of esophagus. Severe bleeding occurs if one of these veins rupture |
| hiatal hernia | anatomical abnormality which portion of stomach protrudes upward into chest, through opening in diagphragm |
| hernia | protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues that normally contain it, can cause GERD and pyrosis |
| gastritis | common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori |
| gastroenteritis | inflammation of mucous membrane lining stomach & intestines |
| gastroparesis | condition in which muscles in stomach slow down & work poorly or not at all, preventing stomach from emptying normally |
| -paresis | partial paralysis |
| gastrorrhea | excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in stomach |
| peptic ulcers | sores that affect mucous membranes of the digestive system, caused by bacteria Helicobacter pylori or meds that irritate |
| pept | digestion |
| peptic ulcer disease | the condition of having peptic ulcers |
| gastric ulcers | peptic ulcers that occur in stomach |
| duodenal ulcers | peptic ulcers that occur in upper part of small intestine |
| perforating ulcer | complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall |
| anorexia | loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease. |
| cachexia | condition of physical wasting away due to loss of weight & muscle mass that occurs in patients w/ diseases such as cancer/ AIDS. Might eat enough, but body won't absorb enough nutrients |
| dehydration | condition which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake & disrupts body's normal electrolyte balance |
| malnutrition | lack of proper food or nutrients in body due to shortage of food, poor habits, or inability of body to digest, absorb, distribute |
| malabsorbtion | condition in which small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it |
| obesity | excessive accumulation of fat in body, frequently present as comorbidity w/ conditions like hypertension |
| obese | usually used to refer to individuals who are more than 20% to 30% over established weight standards for height/age/gender |
| gender | differences btw men & women |
| morbid obestity | aka severe obesity; condition of weighing 2x more than ideal weight or having BMI value over 40 |
| "morbid" for morbid obesity | diseased state |
| body mass index | BMI, # that shows body weight adjusted for height. Underweight, normal, overweight, obese. High BMI factor for diseases |
| comorbidity | presence of more than one disease or health condition in an individual at a given time |
| aerophagia | excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking & is common cause of gas in stomach |
| dyspepsia | aka indigestion; pain or discomfort in digestion |
| -pepsia | digestion |
| dys- | painful |
| emesis | aka vomiting; reflex ejection of stomach contents outward through mouth |
| -emesis | aka vomiting; reflex ejection of stomach contents outward through mouth |
| eructation | act of belching or raising gas orally from stomach |
| hematemesis | vomiting of blood, often resembles coffee grounds |
| hyperemesis | extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration |
| morning sickness | hyperemesis during early stages of pregnancy |
| nausea | urge to vomit |
| regurgitation | return of swallowed food into mouth |
| celiac disease | hereditary autoimmune disorder characterized by severe reaction to foods containing gluten. Damages villi of small intesting & can cause malabsorbtion |
| gluten | type of protein found in grains such as wheat, barley, & rye |
| gluten intolerance | aka non-celiac gluten sensitivity; response to gluten involving digestive distress but not intestinal tissue damage like celiac |
| gluten intolerance is sometimes caused by an... | allergy to wheat |
| food allergy | an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food |
| lactose intolerance | inability to digest dairy products due to absence of enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar in milk/ dairy |
| lactose intolerance common for | African-Americans & East Asians |
| colorectal carcinoma | aka colon cancer; often 1st manifests itself in polyps in colon |
| polyp | mushroom like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, not all are malignant |
| diverticulosis | chronic presence of an abnormal # of diverticula in colon. Often no symptoms, related to low fiber diet |
| diverticul | diverticulum |
| diverticulum | small pouch, or sac, found in lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon |
| diverticulitis | sometimes develops as a result of diverticulosis, inflammation or infection of 1 or more diverticulum in colon |
| enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated w/ viral or bacterial pathogens |
| ischemic colitis | occurs when part of LG intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood. Lack of blood persists, then leads to inflammation & permanent damage of affected area. |
| ileus | aka paralytic ileus; partial or complete blockage of the SM or LG intestine, caused by stopping of normal peristalsis in this area of intestine. |
| symptoms of ileus | severe pain, cramping, abdominal distention, vomiting, & inability to pass gas or stools |
| postoperative ileus | temporary impairment (stoppage) of bowel action that is considered to be a normal response to abdominal surgery. 24-72 hrs |
| irritable bowel syndrome | IBS; common condition of unk. cause w/ symptoms that can include intermitent cramping & abdominal pain, w/ constipation or diarrhea. Aggravated by stress/ foods, not pathogens |
| inflammatory bowel disease | IBD; general name for diseases that cause inflammation & swelling in intestines. Ulcerative colitis & Crohn's disease |
| ulcerative colitis & Crohn's disease | most common IBD, chronic, incurable, can affect LG & SM intestines, similar symptoms: ab pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, rectal bleeding, diarrhea |
| flares | intervals of active disease alternating w/ periods of remission, for ulcerative colitis & Crohn's. Treatment meds, surgery |
| ulcerative colitis | chronic condition of unk cause which repeated episodes of inflam in rectum & LG intestine cause ulcers & irritation |
| Area of ulcerative colitis | starts in rectum & progresses upward to lower part of colon (can entire LG int), affects only innermost lining & not deep tissues |
| Crohn's disease | CD; chronic autoimmune disorder can occur anywhere in digestive tract - most common in ileum & colon. Penetrates every layer of affected area, so scarring & thickening of walls. |
| common complication of Crohn's disease | blockage of intestine due to swelling & scarring |
| intestinal obstruction | partial or complete blockage of SM or LG intestine caused by physical obstruction. Many causes |
| intestinal adhesions | abnormally hold together parts of intestine that should be separate. Condition caused by inflammation or trauma. |
| strangulating obstruction | blood flow to a segment of intestine blocked. Can lead to gangrene or perforation. |
| gangrene | tissue death that is associated w/ loss of normal circulation |
| perforation | describes hole through wall of a structure |
| volvulus | twisting of intestine on itself, causing an obstruction. Can cause necrosis of affected segment of bowel. |
| volvulus is Latin word that means | rolled up or twisted |
| intussusception | telescoping of one part of the SM intestine into opening of an immediately adjacent part, rare but serious condition found in children btw 3mo-6yr |
| intussuscept | to take up or to receive within |
| inguinal hernia | protrusion of small loop of bowel through a weak place in lower abdominal wall or groin. Caused by obesity, preganancy, heavy lifing, or straining to pass stool |
| strangulated hernia | occurs when portion of intestine is constricted inside hernia, causing ischemia in this tissue by cutting off blood supply |
| ischemia | insufficient oxygen |
| infections diseases of intestines - how transmitted, most common | through contaminated food/ water or poor sanitation process. Clostridium difficile, dysentery, E. coli, Salmonellosis |
| Clostridium difficile | C. diff; bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria. Causes diarrhea & inflammation of colon. |
| Infection control measures for C. diff | hand-scrubbing or wearing gloves can help prevent spread |
| dysentery | bacterial infection that occurs most frequently in tropical countries where spread through food/ water contaminated by human feces |
| E. coli | caused by bacterium Escherichia coli, transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked |
| salmonellosis | aka salmonella; transmitted by feces through direct contact w/ animals or by eating contaminated raw or under-cooked meats, eggs, or unpasteurized milk/ cheese products. |
| anal fissure | small crack-like sore in skin of anus that can cause severe pain during bowel movement |
| fissure | groove or crack-like sore of skin |
| bowel incontinence | inability to control the excretion of feces |
| constipation | having a bowel movement fewer than 3x wk. Stools dry, hard, small, difficult to eliminate. |
| constipation caused by | lack of fiber in diet, disease, side effect of a certain drug, & pelvic floor dysfunction (women) |
| pelvic floor disfunction | lack of coordination of the muscles needed for the rectum to straighten & the anal sphincter to relax |
| diarrhea | abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools & can lead to dehydration |
| hemorrhoids | occur when cluster of veins, muscles, & tissues slip near or through the anal opening. Can become inflamed, painful, fecal leakage, itching, bleeding. |
| rectocele | bulging of front wall of rectum into vagina, usually as result of childbirth or pregnancy |
| -cele | hernia |
| hematochezia | presence of bright red blood in stool. Usually indicates blood coming from lower part of GI tract |
| melena | passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools - due to presence of digested blood & often indicates bleeding in upper part of GI |
| steatorrhea | presence of excess fat in stool which results in frothy, foul-smelling stools, usually caused by pancreatic disease, removal of gallbladder, or malabsorption disorders |
| liver disorders are a major concern b/c | functioning of liver is essential to digestive process |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity. Usually result of severe liver disease creating pressure on liver's blood vessels. |
| serous | substance having watery consistency |
| hepatomegaly | abnormal enlargement of liver |
| steat/o | fat |
| jaundice | yellow discoloration of skin, mucous membranes, & eyes. Caused by greater-than-normal amts of bilirubin in blood |
| hepatitis | inflammation of liver usually caused by viral infection. |
| viral hepatitis | leading cause of liver cancer & most common reason for liver transplant |
| 3 most common varieties of viral hepatitis | HAV Hepatitis A Virus, HBC Hepatitis B Virus, & HCV Hepatitis C Virus |
| Hepatitis A Virus | most prevalent type, highly contagious transmitted mainly through contamination of food/ water w/ infected fecal matter. |
| Hepatitis B Virus | bloodborne disease transmitted through contact w/ blood & other body fluids that are contaminated w/ virus. |
| Hepatitis C Virus | bloodborne disease spread through contact w/ blood & other body fluids that are contaminated w/ virus. Silent epidemic. |
| Which form of hepatitis virus is silent epidemic & why | Hep C b/c it can be present in body for years & destroy the liver before any symptoms appear |
| Which forms of hepatitis can you get a vaccine for immunity? | HAV & HBV, but not HCV |
| clinical conditions associated w/ cirrhosis of the liver | mental confusion, spider angiomas, esophageal varices, scarred liver tissue, abdominal ascites, testicular atrophy, edema, gynecomastia, splenomegaly, erythema of palms, skin hemorrhages |
| cholecystisis | inflammation of the gallbladder, usually assoc. w/ gallstones blocking flow of bile |
| gallstone | aka cholelith; hard deposit formed in gallbladder & bile ducts due to concretion of bile components |
| cholelithiasis | presence of gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts |
| -lithiasis | presence of stones |
| biliary colic | pain caused by passage of gallstone through bile duct |
| abdominal computed tomography | CT; radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure w/in abdomen looking for tumor or obstruction (ex) |
| abdominal ultrasound | noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves. |
| cholangiography | radiographic exam of bile ducts w/ use of contrast medium. Identify obstructions in liver or bile ducts that slow or block flow of bile from liver |
| cholangiogram | resulting record from a cholangiography |
| cholangi/o | bile duct |
| enema | placement of solution into rectum & colon to empty lower intestine through bowel activity. Sometimes prep for endoscopic exam, also used to treat severe constipation to inject meds |
| esophagogastroduodenoscopy | endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of upper GI tract & includes esophagus, stomach, & upper duodenum |
| upper GI series | radiographic study to examine upper digestive system. Barium swallowed to make structures visible |
| lower GI series | radiographic study to examine lower digestive system. Barium inserted via rectum to make structures visible |
| barium | contrast medium to make structures visible during upper/ lower GI exams |
| stool samples | specimens of feces that are examined for content & characteristics. |
| fatty stool sample | might indicate presence of pancreatic disease |
| O&P | ova (parasite eggs) and parasites - cultures of stool samples can be examined for presence of this or bacteria in lab. |
| endoscope | instrument used for endoscopy |
| endoscopy | visual examination of internal structures |
| anoscopy | visual examination of anal canal & lower rectum |
| capsule endoscopy | use of tiny video camera in capsule that patient swallows. Takes photos for 8 hr trip through sm intestine & transmits images |
| where is data collector of capsule endoscopy? | sensor devices detecting images are attached to patient's abdomen & are transmitted to data recorder on patient's belt |
| diagnostic tests for the early detection of polyps that may be cancerous | colonoscopy, virtual colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, Hemoccult test, Cologuard. |
| colonoscopy | COL; direct visual exam of inner surface of the entire colon from rectum to cecum using colonoscope |
| virtual colonoscopy | small, flexible tube inserted into rectum & MRI or CT machine is used to produce 2 & 3 dim images of colon. |
| sigmoidoscopy | endoscopic exam of interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, & possibly portion of descending colon |
| Hemoccult test | aka fecal occult blood test; lab test for hidden blood in stool. Kit to obtain samples & home & shipped to lab for evaluation |
| Cologuard | recently developed, noninvasive, collect-at-home stool test that uses DNA testing w/ screening for hidden blood to determine potential for colorectal cancer |
| Hemoccult & Cologuard are capitalized because | Brand names |
| antioxidants | chemicals such as vitamins A, C, E; carotene: and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals |
| What foods typically have antioxidants? | fruits, beans, berries, nuts, & dark chocolate |
| probiotics | living microorganisms sometimes described as "good" bacteria b/c of their role in aiding digestion & protecting body from harmful bacteria |
| pro- | supporting |
| prebiotics | nondigestible carbs that probiotics feed on. |
| What foods typically contain prebiotics & probiotics? | yogurt, some dairy drinks, & supplements |
| antacids | neutralize acids in stomach & are taken to relieve discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal |
| proton pump inhibitors | decrease amt of acid produced by stomach. Meds used to treat symptoms of GERD. |
| antiemetic | medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea & vomiting |
| anti- | against |
| emet | vomit |
| laxatives | meds or foods given to stimulate bowel movements |
| bulk-forming laxatives | ex bran, treat constipation by helping fecal matter retain water & remain soft as it moves through intestines |
| antimotility drugs | OTC meds used to treat diarrhea |
| antacids | OTC meds used to treat upset stomach |
| intravenous fluids | IV; administered to combat effects of dehydration |
| oral rehydration therapy | ORT; treatment in which solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially young kids |
| dental prophylaxis | professional cleaning of teeth to remove plaque & calculus |
| prophylaxis | treatment to prevent a disease or stop it from spreading |
| dental implant | anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw. |
| crown | metal or porcelain alloy cap shaped like a damaged tooth cemented over the remaining tooth structure |
| bridge | fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to adjacent teeth |
| denture | plate holding 1 or more replacement teeth |
| conventional dentures | aka full or partial set of false teeth, are removable |
| root canal | refers to both pulp cavity in root of tooth & a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in root canal is removed to save tooth |
| after root canal is free from infection, the cavity is | filled w/ protective substance & sealed |
| gingivectomy | surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue |
| maxillofacial surgery | specialized surgery of the face & jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, & repair injuries |
| palatoplasty | surgical repair of a cleft palate, also used to refer to repair of cleft lip |
| gastrectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the stomach |
| nasogastric intubation | NG tube; placement of a feeding tube through nose & into stomach. Temporarily provides nutrition for patients that cannot take nutrients by mouth. |
| gastrostomy tube | aka G-tube. surgically placed feeding tube from exterior of body directly into stomach. Permanently placed to provide nutrients |
| total parenteral nutrition | administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating. All through specialized solution administered intravenously. |
| parenteral | not in or through digestive system |
| bariatric surgery | performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting amt of food that can enter the stomach & be digested. Limit food intake. |
| gastric bypass surgery | aka Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; makes stomach smaller by stapling section to create small pouch & causes food to bypass the 1st part of small intestine |
| lap-band adjustable gastric banding | LAGB; involves placing inflatable band around exterior of stomach to restrict amt of food that can enter. Reversible. |
| endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty | 1 of several endoscopic options for bariatric surgeries requiring general anesthesia. Stomach sutured to make into small tube, reducing capacity significantly |
| colectomy | surgical removal of all or part of colon |
| colotomy | surgical incision into colon |
| diverticulectomy | surgical removal or diverticulum |
| gastroduodenostomy | establishment of an anastomosis btw upper portion of stomach & duodenum. Performed to treat stomach cancer or remove malfunctioning pyloric valve |
| anastomosis | surgical connection btw 2 hollow, or tubular, structures |
| ileectomy | surgical removal of the ileum |
| ostomy | aka stoma; surgical procedure to create an artificial opening btw an organ & body surface |
| ileostomy | surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening btw the ileum, @ end of sm intestine, & the outside of the abdominal wall |
| ile | small intestine |
| colostomy | surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening btw colon & body surface. Fecal matter flows into bag |
| hemorrhoidectomy | surgical removal of hemorrhoids |
| rubber band ligation | used instead of surgery for hemorrhoids where rubber bands cut off circulation @ base of hemorrhoid causing it to fall off |
| ligation | tying off of blood vessels or ducts |
| proctopexy | surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ. |
| -pexy | surgical fixation |
| prolapse | falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part |
| hepatectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the liver |
| liver transplant | option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer. Liver tissue regenerates |
| partial liver transplant | Since liver tissue regenerates, sometimes only portion of organ donated & can be from living donor match |
| choledocholithotomy | incision into common bile duct for removal of gallstone |
| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbladder |
| open cholecystectomy | gallbladder removal performed through incision in RT side of upper abdomen |
| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | aka lap choley; surgical removal of gallbladder using laparoscope & other instruments through 3 or 4 small incisions in abdomen |
| BMI | body mass index |
| COL | colonoscopy |
| EGD | esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| IH | inguinal hernia |
| IBD | inflammatory bowel disease |
| IBS | irritable bowel syndrome |
| NG tube | nasogastric tube |
| PUD | peptic ulcer disease |
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition |
| UC | ulcerative colitis |
Created by:
kld0519
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