VOCAB and QUESTIONS
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| Absolute Bioavailability | the bioavailability of a drug product compared to the same drug in the form of a rapidly administered IV
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| absorption | the movement of a drug from the dosage formulation to the blood
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| active transport | the movement of drugs from one area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration: cellular energy is required
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| agonists | drugs that activate cell receptors to accelerate or slow normal cell function
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| antagonists | drugs that bind with receptors but do not activate them
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| bioavailabilty | the amount of the administered dose that reaches the general circulation and the rate at which it occurs
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| bioequivalency | the comparison of bioavailability between two forms
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| complexation | when two different molecules associate or attach to each other
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| disposition | a term sometimes used to refer to all of ADME processes together
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| duration of action | the time drug concentration is about minimum effective concentration MEC
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| elimination | the process of metabolism and excretion
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| enterohepatic cycling | the transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to bile in the gall bladder, then into the intestine, and back into circulation
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| enzyme | a complex protein that catalyzes chemical reactions
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| enzyme induction | the increase of hepatic enzyme activity that results in the greater metabolism of drugs
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| enzyme inhibition | the decrease of hepatic enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs
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| first-pass metabolism | the substantial degradation of an orally administered drug caused by enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches the systemic circulation
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| gastric emptying time | the time a drug will stay in the stomach before entering the small intestine
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| glomerular filtration | the blood philtering process of the nephron
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| hydrophilic | capable of absorbing water or associating with water
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| hydrophobic | water repelling: cannot associate with water
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| lipoidal | fat like substance
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| Metabolite | the substance resulting from a body's transformation of an administered drug
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| Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC) | the blood concentration needed for a drug to produce a response
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| Minimum Toxic Concentration (MTC) | the upper limit of the therapeutic window
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| nephron | the functional unit of the kidneys
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| onset of action | the time MEC is reached and the response occurs
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| passive diffusion | the movement of drugs from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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| pharmaceutical alternative | drug products that contain the same active ingredient, but not necessarily in the same salt form, amount or dosage form.
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| pharmaceutical equivalent | drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredients and same dosage form
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| protein binding | the attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue protein, effectively making the drug inactive, but also keeping it within the body
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| receptor | the cellular material located at the site of action that interacts with the drug
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| relative bioavailability | the bioavailability of a drug product compared to the same drug in any other dosage form than a rapidly administered IV solution
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| selective (action) | the characteristic of a drug that makes its action specific to certain receptors and the tissues they affect
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| site of action | the location where an administered drug produces an effect
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| therapeutic equivalent | pharmaceutical equivalents that produce the same effects
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| therapeutic window | a drug's blood concentration range between its minimum effective concentration and minimum toxic concentration
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| The place where a drug causes an effect to occur is called the .. | site of action
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| when a drug produces an effect, it is acting at a _________ level. | cellular
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| What can determine drug action? | number of receptors occupied, number of receptors present, and sensitivity of receptors
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| what is the process of blood concentration from administration to the site of action? | absorption, distribution, membrane permeability elimination, , ect.
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| Blood can be repeatedly sampled, making it.... | the best way to determine drug concentration
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| If the blood concentration- time profile reflects the amount of drug at the site of action, the maximum therapeutic response would occur.... | at the onset of action
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| what drug would not be typically monitored with peak and trough blood concentrations? | promethazine (anti-histamine)
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| a drug would be eliminated from the system within...... | five times the half life
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| unionized drugs are | passively diffused thorugh membranes
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| to transfer a drug out of dosage form and into the blood, it has to | absorb
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