Med Term CH6 Lymphatic and Immune
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anti- | against
🗑
|
||||
| carcin/o | cancerous
🗑
|
||||
| immun/o | immune, protection, safe
🗑
|
||||
| lymph/o | lymph, lymphatic tissue
🗑
|
||||
| lymphaden/o | lymph node or gland
🗑
|
||||
| lymphangi/o | lymph vessel
🗑
|
||||
| neo-, ne/o | new, strange
🗑
|
||||
| -oma | tumor, neoplasm
🗑
|
||||
| onc/o | tumor
🗑
|
||||
| phag/o | eat, swallow
🗑
|
||||
| -plasm | formative material of cells
🗑
|
||||
| sarc/o | flesh, connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| splen/o | spleen
🗑
|
||||
| -tic | pertaining to
🗑
|
||||
| tox/o | poison, poisonous
🗑
|
||||
| 3 main functions of lymphatic system | 1) absorb fat/ fat-soluble vit's through lacteals of sm intestine 2) remove waste products from tissues & cooperate w/ immune system in destroying invading pathogens 3) return filtered lymph to veins @ base of neck
🗑
|
||||
| food digested here | small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| villi | fingerlike projections that line small intestine that contain lacteals and blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| lacteals | specialized structures of lymphatic system that absorb fats that cannot be transported by bloodstream.
🗑
|
||||
| blood vessels of villi absorb | nutrients, fats, & fat-soluble vitamins from digested food directly into blood stream for use throughout the body.
🗑
|
||||
| interstitial fluid | aka intercellular or tissue fluid, plasma from arterial blood that flows out of arterioles & into capillaries, then into spaces btw cells of tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Interstitial fluid delivers | nutrients, oxygen, & hormones to cells
🗑
|
||||
| When interstitial fluid leaves cells | brings w/ it waste products & protein molecules created w/in cells. 90% of fluid returns to bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| lymph | made of of remaining 10% of returning interstitial fluid. Clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes & proteins.
🗑
|
||||
| lymph collects | protein molecules created w/in cells as it leaves. Removes dead cells, debris, & pathogens from intercellular spaces
🗑
|
||||
| lymph enters | very small capillaries w/in tissues then flows into progressively larger vessels & ducts as it travels upward toward neck
🗑
|
||||
| lymph plays an active role in cooperation with the______ | immune system to protect the body against invading microorganisms & diseases.
🗑
|
||||
| lymphatic circulatory system works closely together with | blood circulatory system, so sometimes called secondary circulatory system
🗑
|
||||
| lymphatic system depends on ____ to move fluid | pumping motion of muscles
🗑
|
||||
| lymph flows in ______ direction | one. From point of origin can only move upward until returns to circulatory system at base of neck.
🗑
|
||||
| blood is filtered by the _______ and waste products are excreted by the _______ | kidneys / urinary system
🗑
|
||||
| lymph is filtered by _______ | lymph nodes, which are located along lymphatic vessels & contain specialized cells of the immune system
🗑
|
||||
| lymphatic capillaries | microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near surface of body w/ capillary walls only 1 cell in thickness
🗑
|
||||
| lymphatic vessels | progressively larger vessels where the lymph flows from the capillaries. Deeper w/in tissues. Valves to prevent backflow.
🗑
|
||||
| right lymphatic duct | collects lymph from rt side of head/ neck, upper rt quadranct & rt arm. Empties into rt subclavian vein.
🗑
|
||||
| subclavian vein | proximal part of main vein of arm
🗑
|
||||
| thoracic duct | largest lymphatic vessel in body, collects lymph from LT side of head & neck, upper LT quad of trunk, LT arm, & entire lower portion of trunk, &both legs. Empties into LT subclavian vein
🗑
|
||||
| lymph node | small, bean-shaped, contains specialized lymphocytes capable of destroying pathogens. 400-700 along LG lymphatic vessels. 1/2 in abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| lymphocytes | aka lymnphoid cells, destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, & malignant cells.
🗑
|
||||
| cervical lymph nodes | located along the sides of the neck
🗑
|
||||
| axillary lymph nodes | located under arms in armpits
🗑
|
||||
| inguinal lymph nodes | located in inguinal (groin) area of lower abdomenb
🗑
|
||||
| lymphocytes | aka lymphoid cells, leukocytes formed in bone marrow as stem cells. Defend body against antigens
🗑
|
||||
| antigen | any substance that the body regards as being foreign. Viruses, bacteria, toxins, transplanted tissue
🗑
|
||||
| 3 types of lymphocytes | natural killer cells, B cells, & T cells
🗑
|
||||
| lymphocytes do this in lymphoid tissues throughout body | undergo maturation & differentiation
🗑
|
||||
| lymphocyte maturation | process of becoming mature
🗑
|
||||
| lymphocyte differentiation | to be modified to perform a specific function. Become specialized antibodies capable of attacking specific antigens
🗑
|
||||
| natural killer cells | aka NK cells, play important role in killing of cancer cells & cells infected by viruses
🗑
|
||||
| B cells | aka B lymphocytes, specialized that produce antibodies to destroy a specific antigen.
🗑
|
||||
| B cells most effective against | viruses & bacteria that are circulating in the blood.
🗑
|
||||
| When does B cell transform into plasma cell? | when confronted w/ the antigen, secrete large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
🗑
|
||||
| T cells | aka T lymphocytes, origin thymus. Play central role in cell-mediated immunity
🗑
|
||||
| cytokines | group of proteins such as interferons & interleukins released primarily by T cells.
🗑
|
||||
| interferons, why produced | produced in response to presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells.
🗑
|
||||
| interferons do this | activate immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping multiplication, & signal other cells to increase defenses.
🗑
|
||||
| lymphoid | pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue or resembling lymph/ lymphatic tissue
🗑
|
||||
| primary roles of lymphoid are in conjunction with the | immune system
🗑
|
||||
| tonsils | 3 masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose & upper throat
🗑
|
||||
| tonsils play an important role in the immune system by... | preventing pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose & mouth
🗑
|
||||
| adenoids | aka nasopharyngeal tonsils, located in nasopharynx, which is upper part of pharynx
🗑
|
||||
| palatine tonsils | located on LT & RT sides of throat in area that is visible @ back of mouth
🗑
|
||||
| palatine | hard & soft palates that form the roof of the mouth
🗑
|
||||
| lingual tonsils | located @ base of tongue but not readily visible
🗑
|
||||
| lingual | pertaining to the tongue
🗑
|
||||
| thymus | mass of lymphoid tissue located above heart, reaches greatest size @ puberty & becomes smaller w/ age
🗑
|
||||
| thymus secretes | a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells, as part of endocrine system
🗑
|
||||
| T cells in thymus | essential to immune system & leave thymus through the bloodstream & the lymphatic system
🗑
|
||||
| vermiform appendix | aka appendix, hangs from lower portion of cecum - may play important role in immune system
🗑
|
||||
| cecum | 1st section of large intestine
🗑
|
||||
| spleen | sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in LT upper quad of abdomen, just inferior to diaphragm & posterior to stomach
🗑
|
||||
| what does spleen do? | filters microorganisms & foreign material from blood. Forms lymphocytes & monocytes for immune system
🗑
|
||||
| These are specialized leukocytes found in spleen | lymphocytes & monocytes
🗑
|
||||
| type of function from spleen | hemolytic function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes & releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
🗑
|
||||
| Spleen stores/ maintains | extra erythrocytes & maintains appropriate balance btw these cells & plasma of blood
🗑
|
||||
| primary function of immune system | maintain good health & to protect body from harmful substances
🗑
|
||||
| Harmful substances the immune system protects body from | pathogens, allergens, toxins, malignant cells
🗑
|
||||
| pathogens | disease-producing microorganisms
🗑
|
||||
| allergens | substances that produce allergic reactions
🗑
|
||||
| toxins | poisonous or harmful substances
🗑
|
||||
| malignant cells | potentially life-threatening cancer cells
🗑
|
||||
| Unlike other body systems, the immune system is not.... | contained w/in a single set of organs or vessels. Instead, its functions use structures from several other body systems
🗑
|
||||
| 1st lines of defense for immune system | intact skin, respiratory system, digestive system, lymphatic system
🗑
|
||||
| intact skin | wraps body in physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering body
🗑
|
||||
| intact | means that there are no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin.
🗑
|
||||
| acid mantle | skin is covered in this & it makes it inhospitable environment for most bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| respiratory system (w/ immune) | traps breathed-in foreign matter w/ nose hairs & moist mucous membrane lining of respiratory system. Coughing/ sneezing
🗑
|
||||
| digestive system | uses acids & enzymes produced by stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed w/ food
🗑
|
||||
| lymphatic system structures | work together in specific ways to attack & destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
🗑
|
||||
| antigen-antibody reaction | aka immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies. Labels dangerous antigen to be recognized/ destroyed
🗑
|
||||
| tolerance | an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen.
🗑
|
||||
| Immuniglobin G | IgG, most abundant antibodies, in blood serum & lymph, active against bacteria-fungi-viruses-foreign particles
🗑
|
||||
| Immuniglobin A | IgA, antibodies against ingested antigens, found in body secretions saliva-sweat-tears, function to prevent attachment of viruses & bacteria to epithelial surfaces that line most organs
🗑
|
||||
| Immuniglobin M | IgM, antibodies found in circulating body fluids, 1st antibodies to appear in response to initial exposure or antigen
🗑
|
||||
| Immuniglobin D | IgD, antibodies found only on surface of B cells, important in B cell activation
🗑
|
||||
| Immuniglobin E | IgE, class of antibodies produced in lungs-skin-mucous membranes, responsible for all allergic reactions.
🗑
|
||||
| antibody | disease-fighting protein created by immune system in response to presence of specific antigen
🗑
|
||||
| antibody/ immunnoglobulin | often used interchangeably
🗑
|
||||
| immunoglobins | bind w/ specific antigens in antigen-antibody response. 5 primary: G, A, M, D, E, secreted by plasma cells
🗑
|
||||
| phagocytes | specialized leukocytes act as part of antigen-antibody reaction by destroying cell debris, dust, pollen, pathogens by phagocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| phagocytosis | process of destroying pathogens by surrounding & swallowing them.
🗑
|
||||
| Phagocytes include: | monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, & mast cells
🗑
|
||||
| monocytes | leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms. Replenish macrophages & dendritic cells
🗑
|
||||
| macrophage | derived from monocytes after leave bloodstream & enter tissue. WBC that surrounds & kills invading cells. Remove dead cells & stimulate action of other immune cells
🗑
|
||||
| dendritic cells | specialized WBC's that patrol body searching for antigens that produce infections. Grabs it, swallows it, & alerts B & T cells
🗑
|
||||
| complement system | group of proteins that normally circulate in blood in an inactive form. Complement ability of antibodies when needed
🗑
|
||||
| complement | to complete or make whole
🗑
|
||||
| immunity | state of being resistant to a specific disease. Natural or acquired
🗑
|
||||
| natural immunity | aka passive immunity, resistance to disease present w/o administration of an antigen or exposure to disease.
🗑
|
||||
| natural immunity is present at... | birth & can be augmented when breast milk passes from nursing mother to baby.
🗑
|
||||
| acquired immunity | obtained by having had a contagious disease.
🗑
|
||||
| vaccinated | provides protection against a contagious disease w/o having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease
🗑
|
||||
| vaccine | preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms which are killed or weakened
🗑
|
||||
| vaccination | provides protection against disease. Some need periodic booster
🗑
|
||||
| allergist | specializes in diagnosing & treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
🗑
|
||||
| immunologist | specializes in diagnosing & treating disorders of the immune system
🗑
|
||||
| lymphologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating disorders of lymphatic system.
🗑
|
||||
| oncologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating malignant disorders such as tumors & cancer
🗑
|
||||
| lymphadenitis | aka swollen glands, inflammation of lymph nodes, frequent indication of infection
🗑
|
||||
| lymph nodes/ lymph glands | used interchangeably
🗑
|
||||
| lymphadenopathy | any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes
🗑
|
||||
| lymphangioma | benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of lymphatic system
🗑
|
||||
| ruptured spleen | medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually from blow to abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| splenorrhagia | bleeding from spleen
🗑
|
||||
| splenomegaly | abnormal enlargement of spleen. Can be due to bleeding from injury, infectious disease, or abnormal functioning of immune s
🗑
|
||||
| lymphoscintigraphy | diagnostic test performed to detect damage or malformations of lymphatic vessels. Radioactive substance injected into ducts
🗑
|
||||
| lymphedema | swelling of the tissues due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid w/in the tissues - damage preventing lymph from draining
🗑
|
||||
| primary lymphedema | hereditary condition of lymphatic system that develops w/ swelling in feet, then ankles, & upward. Frequent- females
🗑
|
||||
| secondary lymphedema | damage to lymphatic vessels most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns
🗑
|
||||
| primary/ secondary lymphedema treatment | compression/ exercise to control swelling & minimize infections. cannot be cured
🗑
|
||||
| bioimpedance spectroscopy | noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema. Measures resistance to an electrical current passed through limb
🗑
|
||||
| effectiveness of immune system depends on individual's: | General health, age, heredity
🗑
|
||||
| Age and the immune system | older have more acquired immunity but responds slower to new challenges. Babies & young little acquired immunity.
🗑
|
||||
| heredity and the immune system | genes & genetic disorders affect the individual's general health & functioning
🗑
|
||||
| allergy | aka hypersensitivity, overreaction by body to a particular antigen.
🗑
|
||||
| allergen | substance that produces an allergic reaction to an individual
🗑
|
||||
| localized allergic response | aka cellular response, includes redness-itching-burning where skin is in contact w/ allergen. More exposure = more severe
🗑
|
||||
| systemic reaction | aka anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, severe response to an allergen. Develop quickly & can die w/in minutes
🗑
|
||||
| scratch test | diagnostic test to ID commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen. Swelling/ itching indicate allergy
🗑
|
||||
| allergen-specific immunoglobulin E | IgE, blood test can determine substance allergy
🗑
|
||||
| antihistamines | medications administered to relieve or prevent symptoms of allergies. Prevent the histamine
🗑
|
||||
| histamine | substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, & watery eyes of allergic reaction
🗑
|
||||
| autoimmune disorder | aka autoimmune disease, any of a large group of diseases characterized by condition in which immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues
🗑
|
||||
| % of Americans w/ autoimmune disorder | 3% of Americans w/ women affected 2.7 x's more than men. Affect most body systems.
🗑
|
||||
| immunodeficiency disorder | occurs when the immune response is compromised
🗑
|
||||
| compromised | weakened or not functioning properly
🗑
|
||||
| severe combined immunodeficiency | SCID, inherited condition which abnormalities in immune system cause increased susceptibility to infection & failure to thrive as result of infections
🗑
|
||||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | affects joints & connective tissue of skeletal system
🗑
|
||||
| Myasthenia gravis | affects nerve & muscle synapses of muscular system
🗑
|
||||
| Pernicious anemia | affects RBC's of cardiovascular system
🗑
|
||||
| Crohn's disease | affects intestines, ileum, or colon of the digestive system
🗑
|
||||
| multiple sclerosis | affects the brain & spinal cord of the nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| scleroderma | affects the skin & connective tissues of the integumentary system
🗑
|
||||
| Graves' disease | affects the thyroid gland of the endocrine system
🗑
|
||||
| Human immunodeficiency virus | HIV, bloodborne infection where virus damages or kills T cells of immune system, causing it to progressively fail.
🗑
|
||||
| opportunistic infection | caused by pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans. When host debilitated, causes infection
🗑
|
||||
| debilitated | weakened by another condition
🗑
|
||||
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | AIDS, most advanced & fatal stage of an HIV infection
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment for HIV | regimen of antiretroviral drugs "cocktail" b/c must be taken in combination w/ ea other. Help control impact of disease.
🗑
|
||||
| Kaposi's sarcoma | opportunistic infection frequently assoc. w/ HIV. Cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under skin in mouth, nose, throat or other organs
🗑
|
||||
| ELISA | acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, blood test used to screen for HIV antibodies, Lyme disease, & others
🗑
|
||||
| western blot test | blood test that is more accurate than ELISA, confirms diagnosis when positive ELISA.
🗑
|
||||
| Pathologies associated w/ AIDS Central Nervous System (CNS) | Meningitis, Encephalitis, AIDS dementia
🗑
|
||||
| Pathologies associated w/ AIDS Tumors | Lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| Pathologies associated w/ AIDS Large Intestine | Colitis
🗑
|
||||
| Pathologies associated w/ AIDS Mouth | Herpes labialis, Oral thrush
🗑
|
||||
| Pathologies associated w/ AIDS Lung | Pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| Pathologies associated w/ AIDS Kidney | AIDS nephropathy
🗑
|
||||
| Pathologies associated w/ AIDS Small Intestine | Malabsoption
🗑
|
||||
| Pathologies associated w/ AIDS Skin | Dermatitis, Folliculitis, Impetigo, Kaposi's sarcoma
🗑
|
||||
| immunotherapy | aka biological therapy, disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing immune response
🗑
|
||||
| stimulate | cause greater activity
🗑
|
||||
| repress | decrease or stop a normal response
🗑
|
||||
| Immunotherapy in treatment of cancers | used to stimulate the immune response to fight malignancy
🗑
|
||||
| immunotherapy in treatment of allergies | aka allergy desensitization, used to repress the body's sensitivity to a particular allergen.
🗑
|
||||
| synthetic immunoglobulins | aka immune serum, used as post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses, including rabies & some hepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| post-exposure | patient has been exposed to virus, goal is to prevent disease from developing by providing temp immunity
🗑
|
||||
| synthetic interferon | used in treatment of multiple sclerosis, hep C, & some cancers
🗑
|
||||
| monoclonal antibodies | any of a class of antibodies artificially produced in lab by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. Enhance immune response.
🗑
|
||||
| monoclonal | pertaining to a single clone of cells
🗑
|
||||
| clone | an exact replica of a group of bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| immunosuppression | treatment to repress or interfere w/ ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens.
🗑
|
||||
| immunosuppressant | substance that prevents or reduces body's normal immune response. Meds to prevent donor rejection
🗑
|
||||
| corticosteroid drug | hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory & immunosuppressant.
🗑
|
||||
| cytotoxic drug | medication that kills or damages cells. Used as immunosuppressants or antineoplastics.
🗑
|
||||
| pathogen | microorganism that causes a disease in humans
🗑
|
||||
| microorganism | living organism that is so small it can only by seen w/ aid of microscope
🗑
|
||||
| pathogenic | capable of producing disease
🗑
|
||||
| bacteria | one-celled microscopic organisms. Most not harmful
🗑
|
||||
| bacilli | rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| anthrax | contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected w/ bacillus anthracis, in labs for biological warfare
🗑
|
||||
| rickettsia | small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, mites
🗑
|
||||
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by bite of infected tick
🗑
|
||||
| spirochetes | long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls & are capable of movement
🗑
|
||||
| Lyme disease comes from | LIME, transmitted to humans by tick bite that has had contact w/ deer infected w/ spirochete borrelia burgdorferi
🗑
|
||||
| Lyme disease symtoms | fever, headache, fatigue, skin rash known as erythema migrans. Untreated can spread to joints, heart, CNS.
🗑
|
||||
| Lyme disease name comes from | First diagnosed in Old Lyme, Connecticut
🗑
|
||||
| Syphilis is also caused by... | spirochetes
🗑
|
||||
| staphylococci | group of approx 30 species of bactera that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes. Most harmless, on skin/ mucous.
🗑
|
||||
| staphylococcus aureus | aka staph aureus, form of staph that infects wounds & causes serious problems like TSS or food poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| streptococci | bacteria that form a chain. Most harmless, but can cause strep throat, meningitis, endocarditis, necrotizing fasciitis
🗑
|
||||
| strept/o | twisted chain
🗑
|
||||
| -cocci | spherical bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| antibiotic-resistant bacteria | occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target. Surviving bacteria resistant to drug. Can be severe/ fatal.
🗑
|
||||
| methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | MRSA, resistant to most antibiotics, small red bumps w/ black top that become abscesses, serious or fatal
🗑
|
||||
| fungus | simple parasitic organism, some harmless some pathogenic
🗑
|
||||
| tinea pedis | aka athlete's foot, fungal infection that develops btw toes
🗑
|
||||
| yeast | type of fungus
🗑
|
||||
| candidiasis | aka yeast infection, occur on skin or mucous mem. in warm, moist areas like vagina or mouth - from Candida albicans
🗑
|
||||
| oral thrush | yeast infection that occurs in mouth
🗑
|
||||
| vaginal candidiasis | yeast infection that occurs in vagina
🗑
|
||||
| parasite | plant or animal that lives on or w/in another living organism at expense of that organism
🗑
|
||||
| malaria cause | caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes & transferred to humans by bite.
🗑
|
||||
| malaria symtoms | develop in 1-4 wks from infection: fever, shaking, chills, headache, muscle aches, fatigue.
🗑
|
||||
| infections from parasites | malaria, toxoplasmosis
🗑
|
||||
| toxoplasmosis | parasite transmitted from pets to humans w/ contaminated feces.
🗑
|
||||
| toxoplasmosis & pregnancy | cause disease in developing child like microcephalus or hydrocephalus
🗑
|
||||
| microcephalus | abnormally small head & underdeveloped brain
🗑
|
||||
| hydrocephalus | excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in ventricles of brain
🗑
|
||||
| infections from viruses | Ebola, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, west nile virus,
🗑
|
||||
| viruses | very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. After invasion, reproduces & releases newly formed virus & spreads
🗑
|
||||
| Ebola cause | rare & generally fatal disease transmitted by contact w/ any bodily fluids contaminated.
🗑
|
||||
| Ebola symptoms | appear 21 days from exposure: high fever, vomiting, diarrhea. Later: massive internal bleeding & organ failure
🗑
|
||||
| influenza cause | aka flu, highly contagious viral respiratory infection typically seasonal epidemics. Vaccine can protect.
🗑
|
||||
| influenza symptoms | fever, sore throat, muscle aches, cough, runny nose, fatigue. Complications: pneumonia.
🗑
|
||||
| measles cause | acute, highly contagious infection transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus
🗑
|
||||
| measles symptoms | red, itchy rash over entire body, high fever, runny nose, coughing. Complications photophobia
🗑
|
||||
| photophobia | severe sensitivity to light
🗑
|
||||
| mumps | actue viral infection w/ swelling of parotid glands, can also cause painful swelling of ovaries or testicles
🗑
|
||||
| parotid glands | salivary glands located just in front of ears
🗑
|
||||
| rubella | aka German measles, 3-day measles. Viral infection w/ low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, & fine pink rash.
🗑
|
||||
| Rubella and pregnancy | can cause defects in developing fetus
🗑
|
||||
| rabies cause | acute viral infection transmitted to humans from bite or saliva of infected animal. Need immediate treatment
🗑
|
||||
| rabid | animal infected w/ rabies
🗑
|
||||
| rabies symtoms | untreated, 30-90 days after infection almost always fatal.
🗑
|
||||
| west nile virus cause | spread to humans by bite of an infected mosquito
🗑
|
||||
| west nile virus symtoms | mild = flu-like, severe=spreads to spinal cord & brain.
🗑
|
||||
| Flavivirus genus | West Nile virus and viruses that cause the mosquito-borne tropical disease dengue fever
🗑
|
||||
| Infections from Herpesviruses | cytomegalovirus, varicella, herpes zoster, infectious mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex
🗑
|
||||
| cytomegalovirus | found in most body fluids, silent infection w/ no signs or symptoms, but serious if weakened immune system or transmitted to unborn child - disabilities
🗑
|
||||
| varicella cause | aka chickenpox, caused by herpes virus varicella zoster & highly contagious.
🗑
|
||||
| varicella symptoms | fever & rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst & form crusts.
🗑
|
||||
| herpes zoster | aka shingles, acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of inflamed nerve
🗑
|
||||
| postherpetic neuralgia | complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fibers have been damaged during outbreak. Persistent & severe pain
🗑
|
||||
| infectious mononucleosis | aka mono, caused by Epstein-Barr virus. Fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes. Sometimes swelling of spleen/ liver
🗑
|
||||
| antibiotics | medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms. Effective for bacterial infections
🗑
|
||||
| inhibit | slow the growth or development
🗑
|
||||
| antibiotics are not effective against this type of infection | viral
🗑
|
||||
| antibiotics are effective against this type of infection | bacterial
🗑
|
||||
| bactericide | substance that causes death of bacteria, antibiotics include penicillins and cephalosporins
🗑
|
||||
| bacteriostatic | agent slows or stops the growth of bacteria, antibiotics include tetracycline, sulfonamide, & erythromycin
🗑
|
||||
| antifungal | agent that destroys or inhibits growth of fungi, antifungal ex is Lotrimin, known as an antimycotic
🗑
|
||||
| antiviral drug | used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity, ex is acyclovir.
🗑
|
||||
| oncology | study of the prevention, causes, & treatment of tumors & cancer.
🗑
|
||||
| Cancer names & deaths in US | most named for part of body where originated, can attack all systems, 2nd leading cause of death in US behind heart disease
🗑
|
||||
| tumor | aka neoplasm, abnormal growth of body tissue. w/in the mass multip of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, progressive
🗑
|
||||
| benign tumor | not a form of cancer, & not life-threatening. Can cause damage as it grows to adjacent structures
🗑
|
||||
| benign | not life-threatening
🗑
|
||||
| malignant tumor | form of cancer capable of spreading to distant body sites or systems, & potentially life-threatening.
🗑
|
||||
| malignant | becoming progressively worse & life-threatening
🗑
|
||||
| myosarcoma | ex of malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
🗑
|
||||
| angiogenesis | process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply
🗑
|
||||
| antiangiogenesis | form of treatment that disrupts blood supply to the tumor
🗑
|
||||
| cancer | class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled division of cells & ability to invade other tissues by growth or metastasizing
🗑
|
||||
| metastasize | to spread from one place to another - from primary to secondary site
🗑
|
||||
| Most common sites of metastatic tumors | bones, liver, lungs
🗑
|
||||
| When cancer metastasizes, it often does so through | the circulatory system or lymphatic system
🗑
|
||||
| metastasis | process by which cancer is spread to new site, also describes tumor itself. transition
🗑
|
||||
| carcinoma | malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue, tend to infiltrate & produce metastases (new cancer sites)
🗑
|
||||
| carcinoma in situ | malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded surrounding tissue
🗑
|
||||
| in situ | place where cancer 1st occurred
🗑
|
||||
| adenocarcinoma | any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissues
🗑
|
||||
| sarcoma | malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, & liquid.
🗑
|
||||
| sarc | flesh
🗑
|
||||
| hard-tissue sarcomas | arise from bone or cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| osteosarcoma | hard-tissue sarcoma that involves upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee
🗑
|
||||
| soft-tissue sarcomas | cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood & lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue like synovial tissues
🗑
|
||||
| synovial tissues | line cavities of joints
🗑
|
||||
| synovial sarcoma | tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as knees or elbows
🗑
|
||||
| liquid-tissue sarcomas | arise from blood & lymph
🗑
|
||||
| leukemia | cancer of the WBC's in the bone marrow
🗑
|
||||
| staging | process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, potential for responding to therapy, & prognosis
🗑
|
||||
| cancer stages indicated by | letters, #'s, Roman numerals
🗑
|
||||
| Stage I colorectal cancer | cancerous tumor has formed w/in polyp inside colon but has yet to invade surrounding tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Stage II colorectal cancer | cancer has invaded the underlying tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Stage III colorectal cancer | cancer has spread to the underlying tissues & nearby lymph nodes
🗑
|
||||
| lymphoma | general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues: lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow
🗑
|
||||
| 2 most common types of lymphoma | Hodgkin's lymphoma & non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| Hodgkin's Lymphoma | aka Hodgkin's disease, cancer of immune system distinguished by presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes: Reed-Sternberg cells, compromises ability to fight infection
🗑
|
||||
| Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma | more common/ all other than Hodgkin's. Originate in lymphocytes, some agressive, others indolent
🗑
|
||||
| indolent | slow growing
🗑
|
||||
| aggressive | fast growing
🗑
|
||||
| breast cancer | carcinoma that develops from cells of breast & can spread to adjacent lymph nodes & other body sites
🗑
|
||||
| ER-positive | majority of all breast cancers, means they grow in response to the hormone estrogen
🗑
|
||||
| BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes | BReast CAncer 1 & 2, abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian, & certain other cancers. Inherited
🗑
|
||||
| Ductal carcinoma in situ | DCIS, breast cancer @ earliest stage b4 cancer has broken through wall of milk duct, cure rate nearly 100%
🗑
|
||||
| infiltrating ductal carcinoma | starts in milk duct & invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct. Most common form of breast cancer
🗑
|
||||
| inflammatory breast cancer | IBC, rate but aggressive form of breast cancer where cancer cells block lymphatic vessels in skin of breast. Grows rapidly
🗑
|
||||
| symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer | pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or rash on breast, swelling of nearby lymph nodes
🗑
|
||||
| male breast cancer | can occur in the small amt of breast tissue, similar to those in women
🗑
|
||||
| stages of breast cancer | 0, I, II, III, IV
🗑
|
||||
| Stage 0 breast cancer | cancer cells found only in 1 location, such as ductal carcinoma in situ
🗑
|
||||
| Stage I breast cancer | cancer cells have moved beyond duct but have not yet reached outside the breast into the lymph nodes
🗑
|
||||
| Stage II breast cancer | cancer has increased in size, &/or has reached 1-3 axillary (armpit) lymph nodes
🗑
|
||||
| Stage III breast cancer | cancer spread to cervical lymph nodes &/or tissues surrounding breast, like chest wall or skin/ Inflammatory breast cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Stage IV breast cancer | cancer has spread to other organs, most commonly brain, lungs, liver, or bones. Invasive or metastatic cancer.
🗑
|
||||
| breast self-examination | self-care procedure for early detection of breast cancer. Check for new lumps or changes to shape of nipple or skin changes
🗑
|
||||
| palpation of the breast | test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, & consistency of breast
🗑
|
||||
| mammography | radiographic exam of breasts to detect presence of tumors or precancerous cells
🗑
|
||||
| mamm/o | breast
🗑
|
||||
| molecular breast imaging | MBI, nuclear med technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense tissue
🗑
|
||||
| ultrasound | often used as follow-up test when abnormality found by mammography
🗑
|
||||
| breast MRI | uses magnets & radio wave, & insertion of a contrast medium IV, to get detailed info for those already diagnosed or high risk
🗑
|
||||
| needle breast biopsy | x-ray or MRI guided needle used to remove small samples of tissue from breast for diagnosis/ planning treatment
🗑
|
||||
| Less painful and disfiguring than surgical biopsy | needle breast biopsy
🗑
|
||||
| surgical biopsy | removal of small piece of tissue for exam to confirm a diagnosis
🗑
|
||||
| sentinel node biopsy | biopsy of 1st lymph node to come into contact w/ cancer cells as they leave organ of origination & start spreading into body
🗑
|
||||
| lymph node dissection | surgical procedure in which all lymph nodes in major group are removed to determine or slow spread of cancer in area
🗑
|
||||
| lumpectomy | surgical removal of only cancerous tissue w/ surrounding margin of normal tissue. Remainder of tissue not removed
🗑
|
||||
| mastectomy | surgical removal of the entire breast & nipple, often includes removal of axillary lymph nodes under adjacent arm
🗑
|
||||
| radical mastectomy | surgical removal of an entire breast & many surrounding tissues
🗑
|
||||
| modified radical mastectomy | surgical removal of the entire breast & all of the acillary lymph nodes under adjacent arm
🗑
|
||||
| breast reconstruction | alternative to wearing an external prosthesis
🗑
|
||||
| immediate breast reconstruction | begins during same surgery as mastectomy when an "expander" is placed to replace the tissue that was removed
🗑
|
||||
| delayed breast reconstruction | necessary if surgery followed by radiation.
🗑
|
||||
| most common forms of treatment for all types of cancer | surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Cancer surgery | remove malignancy + some surrounding tissue, 1 or more nearby lymph nodes. Also laser or cryo surgeries
🗑
|
||||
| Laser surgery for cancer | targeted beams of light to destroy cancer cells
🗑
|
||||
| Cryosurgery for cancer | cancerous cells frozen & destroyed using a substance such as liquid nitrogen
🗑
|
||||
| chemotherapy | use of chemical agents & drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells & tissues
🗑
|
||||
| chemoprevention | use of natural or synthetic substances (drugs/vitamins) to reduce risk of developing cancer or to reduce chance of recurrence
🗑
|
||||
| antineoplastic | medication that blocks development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
🗑
|
||||
| proliferation | increase rapidly
🗑
|
||||
| cytotoxic drugs | used for both immunosuppression & chemotherapy
🗑
|
||||
| radiation therapy | goal of destroying only cancerous tissues while sparing healthy ones
🗑
|
||||
| brachytherapy | use of radioactive materials in contact w/ or implanted into tissues to be treated
🗑
|
||||
| teletherapy | radiation therapy administered @ a distance from the body.
🗑
|
||||
| tomotherapy | combination of tomography w/ radiation therapy to precisely target tumor being treated. Radiation slice by slice to tumor
🗑
|
||||
| tom/o | slice
🗑
|
||||
| targeted therapy | a developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to ID & attack specific cancer cells only
🗑
|
||||
| adjuvant therapy | sometimes used after primary cancer treatments to decrease chance of recurrence.
🗑
|
||||
| adjuvant | an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drug
🗑
|
||||
| adjuvant therapies | chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy
🗑
|
||||
| clinical trials | testing new & promising cancer treatments not yet approved by FDA
🗑
|
||||
| A, Ab | antibody
🗑
|
||||
| AG, Ag | antigen
🗑
|
||||
| CA, Ca | cancer
🗑
|
||||
| CIS | carcinoma in situ
🗑
|
||||
| DCIS | ductal carcinoma in situ
🗑
|
||||
| HZ | herpes zoster
🗑
|
||||
| HL | Hodgkin's lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| IG | immunoglobulin
🗑
|
||||
| LE | lymphedma
🗑
|
||||
| MMR | measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination
🗑
|
||||
| MET | metastasis
🗑
|
||||
| met | metastasize
🗑
|
||||
| NHL | non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| VSZ | varicella
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
kld0519
Popular Medical sets