Med Term CH5 Cardiovascular System
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| angi/o | blood or lymph vessel
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| aort/o | aorta
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| arteri/o | artery
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| ather/o | plaque, fatty substance
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| brady- | slow
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| cardi/o | heart
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| -crasia | a mixture or bending
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| -emia | blood, blood condition
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| erythr/o | red
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| hem/o, hemat/o | blood, relating to the blood
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| leuk/o | white
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| phleb/o | vein
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| tachy- | fast, rapid
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| thromb/o | clot
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| ven/o | vein
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| heart (forms, functions) | card/o, cardi/o; Receives blood from the veins & pumps blood into the arteries
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| blood vessels (forms, functions) | angi/o, vas/o; Transport blood to & from all areas of the body
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| arteries (forms, functions) | transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
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| capillaries (forms, functions) | capill/o; Permit the exchange of nutrients & waste products btw the blood & the cells.
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| veins (forms, functions) | phleb/o, ven/o; Return the blood from all body parts to the heart.
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| blood (forms, functions) | hem/o, hemat/o; Brings oxygen & nutrients to the cells & carries away waste.
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| cardiovascular | consists of heart, blood vessels, blood & means pertaining to the heart
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| what does cardiovascular system do? | efficiently pumps blood to all body tissues.
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| blood in cardiovascular system | fluid tissue transporting oxygen & nutrients to body tissues, returns some waste products to kidneys, cells important w/ immune
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| heart | hollow, muscular organ in thoracic cavity btw lungs. Size of fist, pumps blood throughout body
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| vascul | blood vessels
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| apex | lower tip of the heart
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| pericardium | aka pericardial sac, double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.
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| membranous | pertaining to membrane
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| membrane | thin layer of pliable tissues that covers or encloses body part
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| parietal pericardium | fibrous sac that surrounds & protects heart
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| pericardial fluid | found btw 2 layers, where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
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| visceral pericardium | inner layer of pericardium that also forms outer layer of heart. When outer layer of heart: epicardium.
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| epicardium | outer layer of the heart.
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| 3 layers of walls of heart | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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| epicardium | external layer of heart & inner layer of pericardium
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| myocardium | middle & thickest of heart's 3 layers. aka myocardial muscle, specialized muscle capable of constant contraction & relaxation
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| endocardium | consists of epithelial tissue, inner lining of the heart.
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| blood supply to myocardium | beats constantly & must have continuous supply of oxygen & nutrients plus prompt waste removal to survive. Dies if disrupted
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| coronary arteries | supply oxygen-rich blood to myocardium.
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| veins of the myocardium | remove waste products from myocardium
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| atria | 2 upper chambers (receiving all blood) of heart divided by interatrial septum.
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| interatrial septum | divides the 2 upper chambers of heart
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| ventricles | 2 lower chambers of heart divided by interventricular septum, walls thicker than atria b/c pumps blood throughout body, also normal hollow chamber of brain.
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| interventricular septum | divides the 2 lower chambers of heart
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| valves of the heart | tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, aortic semilunar
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| tricuspid valve | controls opening btw RT atrium & RT ventricle. Tricuspid = having 3 points, shape of this valve.
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| pulmonary semilunar valve | located btw RT ventrical & pulmonary artery, shaped like a half-moon.
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| pulmonary | pertaining to the lungs
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| semilunar | half moon
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| mitral valve | located btw LT atrium & LT ventricle, aka bicuspid valve.
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| mitral | shaped like a bishop's mitre (hat)
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| bicuspid valve | having 2 cusps (points)
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| aortic semilunar valve | located btw LT ventricle & has semilunar shape (half moon)
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| oxygenated | oxygen rich, or containing an adequate supply of oxygen
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| deoxygenated | means oxygen poor, or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen.
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| right atrium | RA, receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except lungs, through superior & inferior venae cavae. Out of RA through tricuspid valve into RT ventricle
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| right ventricle | RV, pumps oxygen poor blood through pulmonary semilunar valve & into pulmonary artery, which carries to lungs
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| left atrium | LA, receives oxygen rich blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins. Blood flows out of LA through mitral valve & into LT ventricle
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| left ventricle | LV, receives oxygen-rich blood from the LT atrium. Blood flows out of LV through aortic semilunar valve & into aorta, which carries to all parts of body minus lungs
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| oxygen-poor blood returned | by venae cavae to RT atrium, & cycle starts
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| pulmonary circulation | flow of blood only btw heart & lungs
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| pulmonary arteries | carry deoxygenated blood out of RT ventricle & into lungs. Only place in body where deoxygenated blood carried by arteries instead of veins.
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| Carbon dioxide from body is exchanged for oxygen from inhaled air here... | lungs
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| pulmonary veins | carry oxygenated blood from lungs into LT atrium of heart. Only place in body where veins carry oxygenated blood.
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| systemic circulation | includes flow of blood to all parts of body except lungs
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| systemic circulation path | oxygenated blood flows from LT vent & into arterial circ, veins carry deoxygenated blood into RT atrium, then blood flows into pulmonary circulation b4 being pumped out of heart to arteries again
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| heartbeat | ability to pump blood effectively throughout body. Contraction & relaxation (beat) must occur in exact sequence
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| electrical impulses | rate & regularity of heartbeat determined by these from nerves that stimulate myocardium of chambers of the heart
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| conduction system | aka electrical impulses controlled by the SA node (sinoatrial), AV node (atrioventricular), & bundle of HIS
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| atrioventricular node | impulses from SA node travel here, aka AV node. Located on floor of RT atrium near interatrial septum
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| HISS | bundle of His - group of fibers located w/in interventricular septum. Carry electrical impulse 4 sequence of heart contraction
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| Purkinje fibers | specialized conductive fibers located w/in walls of the ventricles. Relay electrical impulses to cells of ventricles & stimulation causes ventricles to contract.
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| electrocardiogram | EKG/ECG, activities of electrical conduction system of heart are visualized as wave movements on this monitor
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| sinus rhythm | normal beating of the heart
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| P wave | due to stimulation (contraction) of the atria
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| QRS complex | shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. Atria relax as ventricles contract.
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| T wave | recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles.
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| 3 types of blood vessels | arteries, capillaries, veins: form the arterial & veinous circulatory systems.
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| arteries | large blood vessels that carry blood away from heart to all regions of body. 3 layers, muscular, elastic. Disruption = stroke
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| endarterial | within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
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| arterial blood | bright red in color b/c it is oxygen rich. Pumping action of heart causes blood to spurt out when an artery is cut.
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| aorta | largest blood vessel in body. Begins from LT ventricle of heart & forms main trunk of arterial system
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| carotid arteries | major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
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| common carotid artery | located on each side of the neck
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| internal carotid artery | brings oxygen-rich blood to brain
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| external carotid artery | brings blood to face
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| arterioles | smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.
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| capillaries | only 1 epithelial cell in thickness, smallest blood vessels in body, form networks of expanded vascular beds that deliver oxygen/ nutrients to cells of tissues.
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| exchange of oxygen, nutrients, & waste materials occur w/in surrounding cells here | capillaries
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| slow flow of blood to allow plasma to flow into tissues | capillaries
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| veins | form low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to heart, thinner & less elastic than arteries.
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| venules | smallest veins that join to form larger veins
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| venous | relating to, or contained, in the veins
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| vein valves | enable blood to flow only toward the heart & to prevent it from flowing away from heart
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| superficial valves | located near body's surface
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| deep veins | located w/in tissues & away from body surface
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| venae cavae | 2 largest veins in the body, return blood to heart
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| superior venae cavae | transports blood from upper portion of body to heart
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| inferior venae cavae | transports blood from lower portion of body to heart
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| pulse | rhythmic pressure against walls of an artery caused by contraction of heart.
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| blood pressure | measurement of amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against walls of arteries.
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| systolic pressure | occurs when ventricles contract, is highest pressure against walls of artery
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| systole | contraction of the heart
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| systolic | pertaining to this contraction phase
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| diastolic pressure | occurs when ventricles are relaxed, lowest pressure against walls of artery.
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| diastole | relaxation of the heart
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| diastolic | pertaining to the diastole relaxation phase
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| blood | fluid tissue in body, 55% plasma, 45% formed elements.
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| plasma | straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, & waste products. 91% water, 9% proteins
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| serum | plasma fluid after the blood cells & clotting proteins have been removed
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| fibrinogen and prothrombin | clotting proteins found in plasma, control bleeding
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| formed elements of the blood | erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
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| erythrocytes | aka RBC's, mature red blood cells produced by red bone marrow. Transport oxygen to the tissues
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| hemoglobin | oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes
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| -globin | protein
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| leukocytes | aka WBC's, involved in defending body against infective organisms & foreign substances. Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
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| neutrophils | formed in red bone marrow, most common WBC. Through phagocytosis play major role in immune system's defense against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi
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| phagocytosis | process of destroying pathogens by surrounding & swallowing them.
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| basophils | formed in red bone marrow, least common WBC, responsible for causing symptoms of allergies
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| eosinophils | formed in red bone marrow then migrate to tissues throughout body, destroy parasitic organisms & major role in allergic reactions
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| lymphocytes | formed in red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, & in spleen. Identify foreign substances & germs & produce antibodies to target them
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| monocytes | formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Through phagocytosis provide immunological defenses against infections
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| thrombocytes | aka platelets, smallest formed elements of blood, important role in clotting: become sticky & clump together
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| blood types | classified according to presence or absence of certain antigens. Major types A, AB, B, O.
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| antigen | any substance that the body regards as being foreign
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| A, AB, & B blood types | based on presence of the A &/or B antigens on red blood cells
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| O blood types | A & B antigens are absent
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| Rh factor | defines presence or absence of Rh antigen on red blood cells. Name b/c 1st found in rhesus monkeys. 85% of Americans Rh+, others Rh-
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| Importance of Rh factor | cross-matching for blood transfusions & difficulties when Rh+ infant born to Rh - mother
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| cardiologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating abnormalities, diseases, & disorders of heart
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| hematologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating abnormalities, diseases, & disorders of blood & blood-forming tissues
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| vascular surgeon | physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical mgmt, & surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels.
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| Leading cause of death in US | heart disease
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| congenital heart defects | structural abnormalities caused by failure of heart to develop normally b4 birth. Some apparent @ birth, others later
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| congenital | present at birth
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| coronary artery disease | CAD, aka coronary heart disease CHD & ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries reducing blood supply to heart muscle. insufficient oxygen = angina/ heart attack
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| Most common type of heart disease | coronary heart disease
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| end-stage coronary artery disease | characterized by unrelenting angina pain & severely limited lifestyle
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| atherosclerosis | hardening & narrowing of the arteries caused by buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
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| plaque (atherosclerosis) | found w/in the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe.
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| lumen | opening w/in vessels through which blood flows.
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| atheroma | characteristic of atherosclerosis which is a deposit of plaque on or w/in the arterial wall.
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| ischemia | condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body
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| cardiac ischemia | lack of blood flow & oxygen to the heart muscle
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| isch | to hold back
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| angina | aka angina pectoris, condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. Due to ischemia of the heart muscle.
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| stable angina | occurs during exertion (exercise) & resolves w/ rest
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| unstable angina | may occur either during exertion or rest & is precursor to a myocardial infarction.
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| myocardial infarction | aka heart attack. Occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque build-up
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| occlusion | total blockage
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| infarction | sudden insufficiency of blood
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| infarct | localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood
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| necrosis | tissue death
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| damage to myocardium | impairs heart's ability to pump blood throughout body
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| cerebral arteries location | head
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| carotid arteries location | both sides of neck
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| aorta location | top of heart
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| coronary arteries location | heart
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| renal arteries location | kidneys
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| iliac arteries location | above/ medial to iliac crest
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| femoral artery location | medial to femurs in top half of legs
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| tibial artery location | along tibia in lower half of leg
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| most frequent symptom of myocardial infarction | pain or pressure in middle of chest that may spread to back, jaw, or left arm. Most have mild or no symptoms at all.
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| myocardial infarction symptoms for women | atypical symptoms including weakness and fatigue
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| heart failure | aka congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs most commonly in elderly, often after heart is weakened or damaged by other issues
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| what happens during heart failure | in this chronic condition, heart is unable to pump out all of the blood it receives. Decreased pumping causes congestion.
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| congestion | fluid buildup
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| left-sided heart failure | aka pulmonary edema, accumulation of fluid in lungs. Unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from lungs to rest of body
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| left side of heart | main pumping chamber that pumps oxygen-rich blood from lungs to rest of body.
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| right-sided heart failure | often result of left-sided heart failure, causes fluid buildup throughout rest of body. Heart unable to pump efficiently
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| Signs of right-sided heart failure | Due to pressure of gravity, this edema, or swelling, is 1st noticeable in feet & legs.
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| cardiomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the heart frequently assoc. w/ heart failure as heart enlarges in effort to compensate for decreased pumping ability.
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| Carditis | inflammation of the heart
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| endocarditis | inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
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| bacterial endocarditis | inflammation of lining or valves of heart caused by presence of bacteria in bloodstream.
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| Way that bacterial can get into bloodstream | bleeding during dental surgery b/c allows bacteria from mouth to enter bloodstream
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| pericarditis | inflammation of pericardium. Causes accumulation of fluid w/in pericardial sac, restricts movement of heart, reduces pumping
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| myocarditis | inflammation of myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection.
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| cardiomyopathy | term to describe all diseases of the heart muscle.
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| dilated cardiomyopathy | disease of the heart muscle that causes heart to become enlarged & to pump less strongly.
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| dilation | expansion of a hollow structure
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| heart murmur | abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to heart or neighboring blood vessel. Defective heart valves
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| valvulitis | inflammation of a heart valve
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| valvul | valve
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| valvular prolapse | abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in inability of valve to close completely.
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| prolapse | the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part
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| valvular stenosis | condition with narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of 1 or more valves of heart.
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| stenosis | abnormal narrowing of an opening
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| arrhythmia | loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. Minor, temporary episode, or fatal. Severity on how pumping compromised.
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| what causes most arrhythmias | an abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart.
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| asystole | aka flat line, complete lack of heart contractions, w/ no blood pumping - no blood flow & can certify death.
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| systole | contraction
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| cardiac arrest | event in which heart abruptly stops beating or develops arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively.
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| sudden cardiac death | results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided w/in a few minutes
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| heart block | congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by electrical signal moving through heart being partially/ completely blocked from reaching ventricles
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| bradycardia | abnormally slow resting heart rate, less than 60 bpm. Electricity blocked from top to bottom of heart
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| tachycardia | abnormally rapid resting heart rate, greater than 100 bpm.
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| supraventricular tachycardia | aka paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, episode that begins & ends abruptly w/ very rapid & irregular heartbeats @ or above AV node
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| ventricular tachycardia | aka V-tach, very rapid heartbeat that begins w/in ventricles. Potentially fatal b/c too rapid to pump efficiently.
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| fibrillation | potentially life-threatening fast & irregular heartbeat, compared to fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia.
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| atrial fibrillation | aka A-fib, most common type of tachycardia. Occurs when normal rhythmic contractions of atria replaced w/ rapid uncontrolled twitching of muscular heart wall
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| ventricular fibrillation | aka v-fib. Rapid, irregular, useless contractions of ventricles. Heart muscle quivers ineffectively. Cause of many cardiac arrst
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| palpitation | pounding/ racing hearbeat w/ or w/o irregularity in rhythm. Can occur w/ panic attack
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| vasculitis | inflammation of a blood vessel.
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| vascul | blood vessels
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| polyarteritis | form of vasculitis involving several md & sm arteries @ same time. Rare but serious bv disease-immune cells attack arterier
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| temporal arteritis | aka giant cell arteritis, form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain.
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| Termporal arteritis can cause this type of blindness | unilateral or bilateral
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| angiostenosis | abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
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| hemagioma | benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels
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| hem | blood
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| angi | blood or lymph vessel
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| hypoperfusion | deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part.
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| perfusion | flow of blood through the vessels of an organ
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| anurysm | localized weak spot of balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. Rupture can be fatal b/c of rapid loss of blood.
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| arteriosclerosis | aka hardening of arteries, any group of diseases characterized by thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls
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| arteriostenosis | abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries
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| chronic venous insufficiency | aka venous insufficiency, condition which venous circulation inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves
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| Chronic venous insufficiency affects | feet, ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into tissues causes discoloration of skin
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| phlebitis | aka thrombophlebitis, inflammation of vein, walls of vein often infiltrated & a clot (thrombus) formed. Usually superficial vein
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| varicose veins | abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in superficial veins of legs. Occurs when veins do not function properly, blood pools
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| thrombosis | abnormal condition of having a thrombus. Blood clot attached to interior wall of an artery or vein
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| thrombotic occlusion | blocking of an artery by a thrombus.
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| thrombotic | caused by a thrombus
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| occlusion | blockage
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| coronary thrombosis | damage to heart muscle caused by thrombus blocking a coronary artery
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| coron | crown
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| deep vein thrombosis | aka DVT & deep venous thrombosis, condition of having a thrombus attached to interior wall of deep vein.
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| embolism | sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus, often named for causative factor or location
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| embolus | foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in blood.
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| embol | something inserted
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| peripheral vascular diseases | disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart & brain. Narrowing of vessels that carry blood to legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys
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| peripheral arterial disease | aka peripheral arterial occlusive disease, ex of a peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis.
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| Peripheral vascular disease affects | more than 20% of all patients over 70. Impaired circulation to extremities & organs can cause changes in skin temp & color
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| Method for determining severity of PAD | compare blood pressure @ ankle w/ bp in arm using ankle-brachial index
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| Peripheral arterial disease is also involved w/... | intermittent claudication
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| Raynaud's disease | peripheral arterial occlusive disease which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress.
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| Raynaud's disease cause of symptoms | due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), & redness of fingers & toes
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| blood dyscrasia | any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
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| crasia | mixture or blending
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| hemochromatosis | aka iron overload disease, genetic disorder in which intestines absorb too much iron. Excess accumulates in organs
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| leukopenia | aka low WBC count, decrease in # of disease-fighting WBC's circulating in blood. Difficulty fighting infections
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| polycythemia | abnormal increase in # of RBC's in the blood due to excess production of these cells by bone marrow
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| sepsis | aka septicemia, potentially life-threatening infection resulting from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering bloodstm
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| blood poisoning | sepsis
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| thrombocytopenia | condition which abnormally small # of platelets circulating in blood. associated w/ abnormal bleeding
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| thrombocytosis | abnormal increase in # of platelets in circulating blood
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| hemorrhage | loss of a large amt of blood in short time
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| transfusion reaction | serious & potentially fatal complication of blood transfusion which sever immune response occurs b/c mismatch
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| cholesterol | fatty substance that travels through blood & found in all parts of body.
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| cholesterol aids in | production of cell membranes, some hormones, & vitamin D.
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| excessively high levels of certain types of cholesterol can lead to | heart disease
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| hyperlipidemia | general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol & other fatty substances in blood
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| total cholesterol | measured in terms of milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL). Desirable below 200mg/dL, borderline high 200-239 mg/dL
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| milligram equivalency in grams | one-thousandth of a gram
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| deciliter equivalency in liters | one-tenth of a liter
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| low-density lipoprotien cholesterol | LDL - bad cholesterol b/c excess qty of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in arteries.
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| LDL Levels | Optimal below 100 mg/dL, Near Optimal 100-129, Borderline high 130-159, high 160-189, very high 190+
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| high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | HDL - good cholesterol b/c it carries unneeded cholesterol back to liver for processing & doesn't contribute to plaque buildup
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| HDL Levels | Low below 40 mg/dL, high above 60
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| triglycerides | combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in blood in limited qty
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| triglyceride levels | Normal below 150 mg/dL, borderline high 150-199, high 200-499, very high 500+
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| myelodysplastic syndrome | type of cancer in which insufficient production of 1 or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of bone marrow. Some develop acute myeloid leukemia
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| leukemia | type of cancer characterized by progressive increase in # of abnormal leukocytes (WBCs) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, & circulating in blood.
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| types of leukemia named by | named based on how quickly they progress & type of WBC's involved.
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| most common types of leukemia | acute or chronic myeloid leukemia, acute or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
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| anemia | lower-than-norm # of RBC's in blood, causing fatigue & shortness of breath. Measured by decrease of hemoglobin in blood.
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| aplastic anemia | absence of all formed blood elements caused by failure of blood cell production in bone marrow
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| leukopenia | low WBC count causes increased risk of infection
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|
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| thrombocytopenia | low platelet count results in bleeding especially from mucous membranes & skin
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|
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| iron-deficiency anemia | most common form of anemia, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively. Can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption, inadeq.
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|
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| Iron helps create ______ | hemoglobin, w/ insufficient iron blood cannot carry oxygen effectively
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|
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| megaloblastic anemia | blood disorder characterized by anemia in which RBC's are larger than normal. Usually results from deficiency of folic acid or B12
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|
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| megalo- | large
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|
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| blast | immature
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|
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| pernicious anemia | caused by lack or protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps body absorb B12 from gastrointestinal tract.
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|
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| Vitamin B12 essential for | formation of RBC's
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|
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| hemolytic anemia | characterized by inadequate # of circulating RBC's due to premature destruction of RBC's by spleen. inherited/ acquired
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|
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| hemolytic | pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of RBC's.
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|
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| 2 most common hereditary hemolytic anemias | sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
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|
||||
| sickle cell anemia | serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some RBC's assuming abnormal sickle shape.
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|
||||
| thalassemia | inherited blood disorder that causes mild or sever anemia due to reduced hemoglobin & fewer RBC's than norm.
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|
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| hypertension | aka HTN, high blood pressure, elevation of arterial bp to level likely to cause damage to cardiovascular system.
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|
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| essential hypertension | aka primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension, consistently elevated bp of unknown cause.
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|
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| idiopathic | disease of unknown cause
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|
||||
| secondary hypertension | caused by different medical problem such as kidney disorder or tumor on adrenal glands. Usually absent when problem disaprs
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|
||||
| malignant hypertension | very high bp, condition can be fatal & usually accompanied by damage to organs, brain, optic nerves, or failure heart/ kidneys
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|
||||
| hypotension | lower-than-normal arterial bp. symptoms: dizziness, light-headedness, fainting.
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|
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| orthostatic hypotension | aka postural hypotension, low bp that occurs upon standing up.
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|
||||
| orthostatic | relating to an upright or standing position
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|
||||
| normal blood pressure levels | systolic less than 120, diastolic less than 80
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|
||||
| prehypertension levels | systolic btw 120-139, diastolic btw 80-89
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|
||||
| Stage 1 Hypertension levels | systolic btw 140-159, diastolic btw 90-99
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|
||||
| Stage 2 Hypertension levels | systolic 160 or higher, diastolic or 100 or higher
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|
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| angiography | radiographic study of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium
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|
||||
| angiogram | resulting film of an angiography, used to study blood flow in arteries, veins, & bv's of heart
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|
||||
| cardiac catheterization | diagnostic & treatment procedure in which catheter passed into vein or artery then guided into heart
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|
||||
| digital subtraction angiography | aka DSA, uses angiography w/ computer assistance to clarify view of area of interest. Subtracts soft tissue & bones from image
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|
||||
| duplex ultrasound | diagnostic procedure to image structures of bv's & flow of blood through vessels. show structure of bv's.
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|
||||
| doppler ultrasound | shows movement of RBC's through vessels
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|
||||
| venography | aka phlebography, radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after contrast dye injected. detect DVT
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|
||||
| venogram | resulting film of a venography.
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|
||||
| electrocardiography | noninvasive process of recording electrical activity of myocardium
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|
||||
| electr/o | electric
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|
||||
| noninvasive procedure | does not require insertion of instrument or device through skin or body opening for diagnosis or treatment
🗑
|
||||
| electrocardiogram | record of the electrical activity of the myocardium.
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|
||||
| Holter monitor | portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor heart rates/ rhythms (24-48hr)
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|
||||
| stress test | assesses cardiovascular health & function during/ after stress
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|
||||
| thallium stress test | evaluates how well blood flows through coronary arteries of heart muscle during exercise.
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|
||||
| compliance | accuracy and consistency w/ which patient follows physician's instructions
🗑
|
||||
| antihypertensive | meds administed to lower bp
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|
||||
| ACE inhibitor | angiotensin-converting enzyme. Blocks action of enzyme that causes bv's to contract, resulting in hypertension.
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|
||||
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | ARBs have similar action/ effect as ACE inhibitors
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|
||||
| beta-blocker | reduces workload of heart by slowing rate of heartbeat. Lower bp, relieve angina, or treat heart failure
🗑
|
||||
| calcium channel blocker agents | cause heart & bv's to relax by decreasing movement of calcium into cells of these structures. Increase blood supply & oxygen
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|
||||
| diuretic | stimulate kidneys to increase secretion of urine to rid body of excess sodium & water. Reduce fluid circulating in blood.
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|
||||
| antiarrhythmic | medication administered to control irregularities of heartbeat
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|
||||
| anticoagulant | slows coagulation & prevents new clots from forming
🗑
|
||||
| coagulation | process of blood clotting
🗑
|
||||
| blood thinners | anticoagulants - although they don't thin blood.
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|
||||
| coumadin | brand name for warfarin, anticoagulant to prevent blood clost from forming or growing larger.
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|
||||
| heparin | common anticoagulant. Works faster than coumadin, but injection or IV solution.
🗑
|
||||
| aspirin | 81mg may be recommended to reduce risk of heart attack or stroke by reducing ability of blood to clot
🗑
|
||||
| cholesterol-lowering drugs | used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing undesirable cholesterol levels in blood
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|
||||
| digitalis | digoxin, strengthens contraction of heart muscle, slows heart rate, helps eliminate fluid from body tissues. Foxglove plant.
🗑
|
||||
| thrombolytic | aka clot-busting drug, dissolves or causes thrombus to break up
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|
||||
| thrombolytic therapy | use of drugs to break up a thrombus
🗑
|
||||
| tissue plasminogen activator | thrombolytic to patients having heart attack or stroke. Administered in few hrs, can dissolve damaging blood clots
🗑
|
||||
| vasoconstrictor | causes bv's to narrow. Ex Antihistamines * decongestants.
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|
||||
| vasodilator | causes bv's to expand.
🗑
|
||||
| nitroglycerin | vasodilator to prevent or relieve pain of angina by dilating bv's to heart. Increases blood flow & oxygen to heart.
🗑
|
||||
| How is nitroglycerin administered | sublingually, transdermally, orally as spray.
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|
||||
| cardiopulmonary bypass | aka CPB, heart-lung machine, device sometimes used to maintain circulation of blood & oxygen to body during surgery
🗑
|
||||
| angioplasty | technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed bv
🗑
|
||||
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty | aka PTCA, balloon angioplasty. Small balloon on end of catheter used to open partially blocked coronary artery by stretching
🗑
|
||||
| laser angioplasty | laser on end of catheter, using beams of light to remove plaque deposit.
🗑
|
||||
| stent | wire-mesh tube commonly placed after artery has been opened. provides support to arterial wall, keeps plaque away, prevents restenosis
🗑
|
||||
| restenosis | condition when artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again
🗑
|
||||
| atherectomy | surgical removal of plaque buildup from interior of an artery.
🗑
|
||||
| carotid endarterectomy | surgical removal of lining of portion of clogged carotid artery leading to brain. To reduce risk of stroke
🗑
|
||||
| coronary artery bypass graft | aka CABG, bypass surgery. opening of chest, piece of vein from leg or chest implanted on heart to replace blocked coronary artery & improve flow of blood to heart
🗑
|
||||
| minimally invasive coronary artery bypass | aka keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass. Alternative technique for some bypass patients
🗑
|
||||
| defibrillation | aka cardioversion, use of electrical shock to restore heart's normal rhythm.
🗑
|
||||
| defibrillator | device providing shock for defibrillation
🗑
|
||||
| artificial pacemaker | primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation. Attached externally or implanted under skin
🗑
|
||||
| implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | ICD, double-action pacemaker that constantly regulates to ensure beat not too slow & if disruption occurs, acts as automatic defibrillator
🗑
|
||||
| cardiac ablation | aka catherter ablation, procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy heart tissue triggering abnormal heart rhythm
🗑
|
||||
| ablation | removal or destruction of tissue, to treat prostate cancer
🗑
|
||||
| valvuloplasty | surgical repair of heart valve
🗑
|
||||
| heart valve replacement | surgery to replace 1 of the heart's 4 heart valves, usually aortic or mitral. replaced w/ mechanical or animal/ human tissue
🗑
|
||||
| transcatheter aortic valve replacement | TAVR relatively new, minimally invasive procedure in which existing valve left in place & collapsible replacement valve delivered to site through catheter. Expanded inside defective
🗑
|
||||
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation | aka CRP, emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration & manual external cardiac compression
🗑
|
||||
| cardiopulonary | pertaining to the heart & lungs
🗑
|
||||
| compression-only resuscitation | effective in keeping patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until pro responders arrive.
🗑
|
||||
| aneurysmectomy | surgical removal of an aneurysm
🗑
|
||||
| aneurysmorrhaphy | aka aneurysmoplasty, surgical suturing of an aneurysm
🗑
|
||||
| aneurysm clipping | surgical method to isolate aneurysm from rest of circulatory system by placing small clip across its neck. Titanium clip prevents blood flowing into aneurysm
🗑
|
||||
| arteriectomy | surgical removal of part of an artery
🗑
|
||||
| hemostasis | to stop or control bleeding. Can be accomplished by formation of blood clot by body or through external app of pressure to block blood flow
🗑
|
||||
| plasmapheresis | aka plasma exchange, removal of whole blood from body & separation of blood's cellular elements. RBC's & platelets suspended in saline & returned to circulatory system.
🗑
|
||||
| A-fib | atrial fibrillation
🗑
|
||||
| AED | automated external defibrillator
🗑
|
||||
| ICD | implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
🗑
|
||||
| card cath, CC | cardiac catheterization
🗑
|
||||
| CVI | chronic venous insuficiency
🗑
|
||||
| CABG | coronary artery bypass gift
🗑
|
||||
| CAD | coronary artery disease
🗑
|
||||
| EKG, ECG | electrocardiogram
🗑
|
||||
| HTN | hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| MI | myocardial infarction
🗑
|
||||
| PAD | peripheral artery disease
🗑
|
||||
| PVD | peripheral vascular disease
🗑
|
||||
| TST | thallium stress test
🗑
|
||||
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator
🗑
|
||||
| V-fib | ventricular fibrillation
🗑
|
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