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Med Term CH5
Med Term CH5 Cardiovascular System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| angi/o | blood or lymph vessel |
| aort/o | aorta |
| arteri/o | artery |
| ather/o | plaque, fatty substance |
| brady- | slow |
| cardi/o | heart |
| -crasia | a mixture or bending |
| -emia | blood, blood condition |
| erythr/o | red |
| hem/o, hemat/o | blood, relating to the blood |
| leuk/o | white |
| phleb/o | vein |
| tachy- | fast, rapid |
| thromb/o | clot |
| ven/o | vein |
| heart (forms, functions) | card/o, cardi/o; Receives blood from the veins & pumps blood into the arteries |
| blood vessels (forms, functions) | angi/o, vas/o; Transport blood to & from all areas of the body |
| arteries (forms, functions) | transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body |
| capillaries (forms, functions) | capill/o; Permit the exchange of nutrients & waste products btw the blood & the cells. |
| veins (forms, functions) | phleb/o, ven/o; Return the blood from all body parts to the heart. |
| blood (forms, functions) | hem/o, hemat/o; Brings oxygen & nutrients to the cells & carries away waste. |
| cardiovascular | consists of heart, blood vessels, blood & means pertaining to the heart |
| what does cardiovascular system do? | efficiently pumps blood to all body tissues. |
| blood in cardiovascular system | fluid tissue transporting oxygen & nutrients to body tissues, returns some waste products to kidneys, cells important w/ immune |
| heart | hollow, muscular organ in thoracic cavity btw lungs. Size of fist, pumps blood throughout body |
| vascul | blood vessels |
| apex | lower tip of the heart |
| pericardium | aka pericardial sac, double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart. |
| membranous | pertaining to membrane |
| membrane | thin layer of pliable tissues that covers or encloses body part |
| parietal pericardium | fibrous sac that surrounds & protects heart |
| pericardial fluid | found btw 2 layers, where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats |
| visceral pericardium | inner layer of pericardium that also forms outer layer of heart. When outer layer of heart: epicardium. |
| epicardium | outer layer of the heart. |
| 3 layers of walls of heart | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| epicardium | external layer of heart & inner layer of pericardium |
| myocardium | middle & thickest of heart's 3 layers. aka myocardial muscle, specialized muscle capable of constant contraction & relaxation |
| endocardium | consists of epithelial tissue, inner lining of the heart. |
| blood supply to myocardium | beats constantly & must have continuous supply of oxygen & nutrients plus prompt waste removal to survive. Dies if disrupted |
| coronary arteries | supply oxygen-rich blood to myocardium. |
| veins of the myocardium | remove waste products from myocardium |
| atria | 2 upper chambers (receiving all blood) of heart divided by interatrial septum. |
| interatrial septum | divides the 2 upper chambers of heart |
| ventricles | 2 lower chambers of heart divided by interventricular septum, walls thicker than atria b/c pumps blood throughout body, also normal hollow chamber of brain. |
| interventricular septum | divides the 2 lower chambers of heart |
| valves of the heart | tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, aortic semilunar |
| tricuspid valve | controls opening btw RT atrium & RT ventricle. Tricuspid = having 3 points, shape of this valve. |
| pulmonary semilunar valve | located btw RT ventrical & pulmonary artery, shaped like a half-moon. |
| pulmonary | pertaining to the lungs |
| semilunar | half moon |
| mitral valve | located btw LT atrium & LT ventricle, aka bicuspid valve. |
| mitral | shaped like a bishop's mitre (hat) |
| bicuspid valve | having 2 cusps (points) |
| aortic semilunar valve | located btw LT ventricle & has semilunar shape (half moon) |
| oxygenated | oxygen rich, or containing an adequate supply of oxygen |
| deoxygenated | means oxygen poor, or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen. |
| right atrium | RA, receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except lungs, through superior & inferior venae cavae. Out of RA through tricuspid valve into RT ventricle |
| right ventricle | RV, pumps oxygen poor blood through pulmonary semilunar valve & into pulmonary artery, which carries to lungs |
| left atrium | LA, receives oxygen rich blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins. Blood flows out of LA through mitral valve & into LT ventricle |
| left ventricle | LV, receives oxygen-rich blood from the LT atrium. Blood flows out of LV through aortic semilunar valve & into aorta, which carries to all parts of body minus lungs |
| oxygen-poor blood returned | by venae cavae to RT atrium, & cycle starts |
| pulmonary circulation | flow of blood only btw heart & lungs |
| pulmonary arteries | carry deoxygenated blood out of RT ventricle & into lungs. Only place in body where deoxygenated blood carried by arteries instead of veins. |
| Carbon dioxide from body is exchanged for oxygen from inhaled air here... | lungs |
| pulmonary veins | carry oxygenated blood from lungs into LT atrium of heart. Only place in body where veins carry oxygenated blood. |
| systemic circulation | includes flow of blood to all parts of body except lungs |
| systemic circulation path | oxygenated blood flows from LT vent & into arterial circ, veins carry deoxygenated blood into RT atrium, then blood flows into pulmonary circulation b4 being pumped out of heart to arteries again |
| heartbeat | ability to pump blood effectively throughout body. Contraction & relaxation (beat) must occur in exact sequence |
| electrical impulses | rate & regularity of heartbeat determined by these from nerves that stimulate myocardium of chambers of the heart |
| conduction system | aka electrical impulses controlled by the SA node (sinoatrial), AV node (atrioventricular), & bundle of HIS |
| atrioventricular node | impulses from SA node travel here, aka AV node. Located on floor of RT atrium near interatrial septum |
| HISS | bundle of His - group of fibers located w/in interventricular septum. Carry electrical impulse 4 sequence of heart contraction |
| Purkinje fibers | specialized conductive fibers located w/in walls of the ventricles. Relay electrical impulses to cells of ventricles & stimulation causes ventricles to contract. |
| electrocardiogram | EKG/ECG, activities of electrical conduction system of heart are visualized as wave movements on this monitor |
| sinus rhythm | normal beating of the heart |
| P wave | due to stimulation (contraction) of the atria |
| QRS complex | shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. Atria relax as ventricles contract. |
| T wave | recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles. |
| 3 types of blood vessels | arteries, capillaries, veins: form the arterial & veinous circulatory systems. |
| arteries | large blood vessels that carry blood away from heart to all regions of body. 3 layers, muscular, elastic. Disruption = stroke |
| endarterial | within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery |
| arterial blood | bright red in color b/c it is oxygen rich. Pumping action of heart causes blood to spurt out when an artery is cut. |
| aorta | largest blood vessel in body. Begins from LT ventricle of heart & forms main trunk of arterial system |
| carotid arteries | major arteries that carry blood upward to the head |
| common carotid artery | located on each side of the neck |
| internal carotid artery | brings oxygen-rich blood to brain |
| external carotid artery | brings blood to face |
| arterioles | smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries. |
| capillaries | only 1 epithelial cell in thickness, smallest blood vessels in body, form networks of expanded vascular beds that deliver oxygen/ nutrients to cells of tissues. |
| exchange of oxygen, nutrients, & waste materials occur w/in surrounding cells here | capillaries |
| slow flow of blood to allow plasma to flow into tissues | capillaries |
| veins | form low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to heart, thinner & less elastic than arteries. |
| venules | smallest veins that join to form larger veins |
| venous | relating to, or contained, in the veins |
| vein valves | enable blood to flow only toward the heart & to prevent it from flowing away from heart |
| superficial valves | located near body's surface |
| deep veins | located w/in tissues & away from body surface |
| venae cavae | 2 largest veins in the body, return blood to heart |
| superior venae cavae | transports blood from upper portion of body to heart |
| inferior venae cavae | transports blood from lower portion of body to heart |
| pulse | rhythmic pressure against walls of an artery caused by contraction of heart. |
| blood pressure | measurement of amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against walls of arteries. |
| systolic pressure | occurs when ventricles contract, is highest pressure against walls of artery |
| systole | contraction of the heart |
| systolic | pertaining to this contraction phase |
| diastolic pressure | occurs when ventricles are relaxed, lowest pressure against walls of artery. |
| diastole | relaxation of the heart |
| diastolic | pertaining to the diastole relaxation phase |
| blood | fluid tissue in body, 55% plasma, 45% formed elements. |
| plasma | straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, & waste products. 91% water, 9% proteins |
| serum | plasma fluid after the blood cells & clotting proteins have been removed |
| fibrinogen and prothrombin | clotting proteins found in plasma, control bleeding |
| formed elements of the blood | erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes |
| erythrocytes | aka RBC's, mature red blood cells produced by red bone marrow. Transport oxygen to the tissues |
| hemoglobin | oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes |
| -globin | protein |
| leukocytes | aka WBC's, involved in defending body against infective organisms & foreign substances. Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
| neutrophils | formed in red bone marrow, most common WBC. Through phagocytosis play major role in immune system's defense against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi |
| phagocytosis | process of destroying pathogens by surrounding & swallowing them. |
| basophils | formed in red bone marrow, least common WBC, responsible for causing symptoms of allergies |
| eosinophils | formed in red bone marrow then migrate to tissues throughout body, destroy parasitic organisms & major role in allergic reactions |
| lymphocytes | formed in red bone marrow, in lymph nodes, & in spleen. Identify foreign substances & germs & produce antibodies to target them |
| monocytes | formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Through phagocytosis provide immunological defenses against infections |
| thrombocytes | aka platelets, smallest formed elements of blood, important role in clotting: become sticky & clump together |
| blood types | classified according to presence or absence of certain antigens. Major types A, AB, B, O. |
| antigen | any substance that the body regards as being foreign |
| A, AB, & B blood types | based on presence of the A &/or B antigens on red blood cells |
| O blood types | A & B antigens are absent |
| Rh factor | defines presence or absence of Rh antigen on red blood cells. Name b/c 1st found in rhesus monkeys. 85% of Americans Rh+, others Rh- |
| Importance of Rh factor | cross-matching for blood transfusions & difficulties when Rh+ infant born to Rh - mother |
| cardiologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating abnormalities, diseases, & disorders of heart |
| hematologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing & treating abnormalities, diseases, & disorders of blood & blood-forming tissues |
| vascular surgeon | physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical mgmt, & surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels. |
| Leading cause of death in US | heart disease |
| congenital heart defects | structural abnormalities caused by failure of heart to develop normally b4 birth. Some apparent @ birth, others later |
| congenital | present at birth |
| coronary artery disease | CAD, aka coronary heart disease CHD & ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries reducing blood supply to heart muscle. insufficient oxygen = angina/ heart attack |
| Most common type of heart disease | coronary heart disease |
| end-stage coronary artery disease | characterized by unrelenting angina pain & severely limited lifestyle |
| atherosclerosis | hardening & narrowing of the arteries caused by buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries |
| plaque (atherosclerosis) | found w/in the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe. |
| lumen | opening w/in vessels through which blood flows. |
| atheroma | characteristic of atherosclerosis which is a deposit of plaque on or w/in the arterial wall. |
| ischemia | condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body |
| cardiac ischemia | lack of blood flow & oxygen to the heart muscle |
| isch | to hold back |
| angina | aka angina pectoris, condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. Due to ischemia of the heart muscle. |
| stable angina | occurs during exertion (exercise) & resolves w/ rest |
| unstable angina | may occur either during exertion or rest & is precursor to a myocardial infarction. |
| myocardial infarction | aka heart attack. Occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque build-up |
| occlusion | total blockage |
| infarction | sudden insufficiency of blood |
| infarct | localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood |
| necrosis | tissue death |
| damage to myocardium | impairs heart's ability to pump blood throughout body |
| cerebral arteries location | head |
| carotid arteries location | both sides of neck |
| aorta location | top of heart |
| coronary arteries location | heart |
| renal arteries location | kidneys |
| iliac arteries location | above/ medial to iliac crest |
| femoral artery location | medial to femurs in top half of legs |
| tibial artery location | along tibia in lower half of leg |
| most frequent symptom of myocardial infarction | pain or pressure in middle of chest that may spread to back, jaw, or left arm. Most have mild or no symptoms at all. |
| myocardial infarction symptoms for women | atypical symptoms including weakness and fatigue |
| heart failure | aka congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs most commonly in elderly, often after heart is weakened or damaged by other issues |
| what happens during heart failure | in this chronic condition, heart is unable to pump out all of the blood it receives. Decreased pumping causes congestion. |
| congestion | fluid buildup |
| left-sided heart failure | aka pulmonary edema, accumulation of fluid in lungs. Unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from lungs to rest of body |
| left side of heart | main pumping chamber that pumps oxygen-rich blood from lungs to rest of body. |
| right-sided heart failure | often result of left-sided heart failure, causes fluid buildup throughout rest of body. Heart unable to pump efficiently |
| Signs of right-sided heart failure | Due to pressure of gravity, this edema, or swelling, is 1st noticeable in feet & legs. |
| cardiomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the heart frequently assoc. w/ heart failure as heart enlarges in effort to compensate for decreased pumping ability. |
| Carditis | inflammation of the heart |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the inner lining of the heart |
| bacterial endocarditis | inflammation of lining or valves of heart caused by presence of bacteria in bloodstream. |
| Way that bacterial can get into bloodstream | bleeding during dental surgery b/c allows bacteria from mouth to enter bloodstream |
| pericarditis | inflammation of pericardium. Causes accumulation of fluid w/in pericardial sac, restricts movement of heart, reduces pumping |
| myocarditis | inflammation of myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection. |
| cardiomyopathy | term to describe all diseases of the heart muscle. |
| dilated cardiomyopathy | disease of the heart muscle that causes heart to become enlarged & to pump less strongly. |
| dilation | expansion of a hollow structure |
| heart murmur | abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to heart or neighboring blood vessel. Defective heart valves |
| valvulitis | inflammation of a heart valve |
| valvul | valve |
| valvular prolapse | abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in inability of valve to close completely. |
| prolapse | the falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part |
| valvular stenosis | condition with narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of 1 or more valves of heart. |
| stenosis | abnormal narrowing of an opening |
| arrhythmia | loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. Minor, temporary episode, or fatal. Severity on how pumping compromised. |
| what causes most arrhythmias | an abnormality in the electrical conduction system of the heart. |
| asystole | aka flat line, complete lack of heart contractions, w/ no blood pumping - no blood flow & can certify death. |
| systole | contraction |
| cardiac arrest | event in which heart abruptly stops beating or develops arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively. |
| sudden cardiac death | results when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided w/in a few minutes |
| heart block | congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by electrical signal moving through heart being partially/ completely blocked from reaching ventricles |
| bradycardia | abnormally slow resting heart rate, less than 60 bpm. Electricity blocked from top to bottom of heart |
| tachycardia | abnormally rapid resting heart rate, greater than 100 bpm. |
| supraventricular tachycardia | aka paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, episode that begins & ends abruptly w/ very rapid & irregular heartbeats @ or above AV node |
| ventricular tachycardia | aka V-tach, very rapid heartbeat that begins w/in ventricles. Potentially fatal b/c too rapid to pump efficiently. |
| fibrillation | potentially life-threatening fast & irregular heartbeat, compared to fast but regular rhythm of tachycardia. |
| atrial fibrillation | aka A-fib, most common type of tachycardia. Occurs when normal rhythmic contractions of atria replaced w/ rapid uncontrolled twitching of muscular heart wall |
| ventricular fibrillation | aka v-fib. Rapid, irregular, useless contractions of ventricles. Heart muscle quivers ineffectively. Cause of many cardiac arrst |
| palpitation | pounding/ racing hearbeat w/ or w/o irregularity in rhythm. Can occur w/ panic attack |
| vasculitis | inflammation of a blood vessel. |
| vascul | blood vessels |
| polyarteritis | form of vasculitis involving several md & sm arteries @ same time. Rare but serious bv disease-immune cells attack arterier |
| temporal arteritis | aka giant cell arteritis, form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain. |
| Termporal arteritis can cause this type of blindness | unilateral or bilateral |
| angiostenosis | abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel |
| hemagioma | benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels |
| hem | blood |
| angi | blood or lymph vessel |
| hypoperfusion | deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part. |
| perfusion | flow of blood through the vessels of an organ |
| anurysm | localized weak spot of balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery. Rupture can be fatal b/c of rapid loss of blood. |
| arteriosclerosis | aka hardening of arteries, any group of diseases characterized by thickening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls |
| arteriostenosis | abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries |
| chronic venous insufficiency | aka venous insufficiency, condition which venous circulation inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves |
| Chronic venous insufficiency affects | feet, ankles, and the leakage of venous blood into tissues causes discoloration of skin |
| phlebitis | aka thrombophlebitis, inflammation of vein, walls of vein often infiltrated & a clot (thrombus) formed. Usually superficial vein |
| varicose veins | abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in superficial veins of legs. Occurs when veins do not function properly, blood pools |
| thrombosis | abnormal condition of having a thrombus. Blood clot attached to interior wall of an artery or vein |
| thrombotic occlusion | blocking of an artery by a thrombus. |
| thrombotic | caused by a thrombus |
| occlusion | blockage |
| coronary thrombosis | damage to heart muscle caused by thrombus blocking a coronary artery |
| coron | crown |
| deep vein thrombosis | aka DVT & deep venous thrombosis, condition of having a thrombus attached to interior wall of deep vein. |
| embolism | sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus, often named for causative factor or location |
| embolus | foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in blood. |
| embol | something inserted |
| peripheral vascular diseases | disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart & brain. Narrowing of vessels that carry blood to legs, arms, stomach, or kidneys |
| peripheral arterial disease | aka peripheral arterial occlusive disease, ex of a peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis. |
| Peripheral vascular disease affects | more than 20% of all patients over 70. Impaired circulation to extremities & organs can cause changes in skin temp & color |
| Method for determining severity of PAD | compare blood pressure @ ankle w/ bp in arm using ankle-brachial index |
| Peripheral arterial disease is also involved w/... | intermittent claudication |
| Raynaud's disease | peripheral arterial occlusive disease which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. |
| Raynaud's disease cause of symptoms | due to constricted circulation, include pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color), & redness of fingers & toes |
| blood dyscrasia | any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood |
| crasia | mixture or blending |
| hemochromatosis | aka iron overload disease, genetic disorder in which intestines absorb too much iron. Excess accumulates in organs |
| leukopenia | aka low WBC count, decrease in # of disease-fighting WBC's circulating in blood. Difficulty fighting infections |
| polycythemia | abnormal increase in # of RBC's in the blood due to excess production of these cells by bone marrow |
| sepsis | aka septicemia, potentially life-threatening infection resulting from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering bloodstm |
| blood poisoning | sepsis |
| thrombocytopenia | condition which abnormally small # of platelets circulating in blood. associated w/ abnormal bleeding |
| thrombocytosis | abnormal increase in # of platelets in circulating blood |
| hemorrhage | loss of a large amt of blood in short time |
| transfusion reaction | serious & potentially fatal complication of blood transfusion which sever immune response occurs b/c mismatch |
| cholesterol | fatty substance that travels through blood & found in all parts of body. |
| cholesterol aids in | production of cell membranes, some hormones, & vitamin D. |
| excessively high levels of certain types of cholesterol can lead to | heart disease |
| hyperlipidemia | general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol & other fatty substances in blood |
| total cholesterol | measured in terms of milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL). Desirable below 200mg/dL, borderline high 200-239 mg/dL |
| milligram equivalency in grams | one-thousandth of a gram |
| deciliter equivalency in liters | one-tenth of a liter |
| low-density lipoprotien cholesterol | LDL - bad cholesterol b/c excess qty of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in arteries. |
| LDL Levels | Optimal below 100 mg/dL, Near Optimal 100-129, Borderline high 130-159, high 160-189, very high 190+ |
| high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | HDL - good cholesterol b/c it carries unneeded cholesterol back to liver for processing & doesn't contribute to plaque buildup |
| HDL Levels | Low below 40 mg/dL, high above 60 |
| triglycerides | combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in blood in limited qty |
| triglyceride levels | Normal below 150 mg/dL, borderline high 150-199, high 200-499, very high 500+ |
| myelodysplastic syndrome | type of cancer in which insufficient production of 1 or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of bone marrow. Some develop acute myeloid leukemia |
| leukemia | type of cancer characterized by progressive increase in # of abnormal leukocytes (WBCs) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, & circulating in blood. |
| types of leukemia named by | named based on how quickly they progress & type of WBC's involved. |
| most common types of leukemia | acute or chronic myeloid leukemia, acute or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia |
| anemia | lower-than-norm # of RBC's in blood, causing fatigue & shortness of breath. Measured by decrease of hemoglobin in blood. |
| aplastic anemia | absence of all formed blood elements caused by failure of blood cell production in bone marrow |
| leukopenia | low WBC count causes increased risk of infection |
| thrombocytopenia | low platelet count results in bleeding especially from mucous membranes & skin |
| iron-deficiency anemia | most common form of anemia, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively. Can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption, inadeq. |
| Iron helps create ______ | hemoglobin, w/ insufficient iron blood cannot carry oxygen effectively |
| megaloblastic anemia | blood disorder characterized by anemia in which RBC's are larger than normal. Usually results from deficiency of folic acid or B12 |
| megalo- | large |
| blast | immature |
| pernicious anemia | caused by lack or protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps body absorb B12 from gastrointestinal tract. |
| Vitamin B12 essential for | formation of RBC's |
| hemolytic anemia | characterized by inadequate # of circulating RBC's due to premature destruction of RBC's by spleen. inherited/ acquired |
| hemolytic | pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of RBC's. |
| 2 most common hereditary hemolytic anemias | sickle cell anemia, thalassemia |
| sickle cell anemia | serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some RBC's assuming abnormal sickle shape. |
| thalassemia | inherited blood disorder that causes mild or sever anemia due to reduced hemoglobin & fewer RBC's than norm. |
| hypertension | aka HTN, high blood pressure, elevation of arterial bp to level likely to cause damage to cardiovascular system. |
| essential hypertension | aka primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension, consistently elevated bp of unknown cause. |
| idiopathic | disease of unknown cause |
| secondary hypertension | caused by different medical problem such as kidney disorder or tumor on adrenal glands. Usually absent when problem disaprs |
| malignant hypertension | very high bp, condition can be fatal & usually accompanied by damage to organs, brain, optic nerves, or failure heart/ kidneys |
| hypotension | lower-than-normal arterial bp. symptoms: dizziness, light-headedness, fainting. |
| orthostatic hypotension | aka postural hypotension, low bp that occurs upon standing up. |
| orthostatic | relating to an upright or standing position |
| normal blood pressure levels | systolic less than 120, diastolic less than 80 |
| prehypertension levels | systolic btw 120-139, diastolic btw 80-89 |
| Stage 1 Hypertension levels | systolic btw 140-159, diastolic btw 90-99 |
| Stage 2 Hypertension levels | systolic 160 or higher, diastolic or 100 or higher |
| angiography | radiographic study of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium |
| angiogram | resulting film of an angiography, used to study blood flow in arteries, veins, & bv's of heart |
| cardiac catheterization | diagnostic & treatment procedure in which catheter passed into vein or artery then guided into heart |
| digital subtraction angiography | aka DSA, uses angiography w/ computer assistance to clarify view of area of interest. Subtracts soft tissue & bones from image |
| duplex ultrasound | diagnostic procedure to image structures of bv's & flow of blood through vessels. show structure of bv's. |
| doppler ultrasound | shows movement of RBC's through vessels |
| venography | aka phlebography, radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after contrast dye injected. detect DVT |
| venogram | resulting film of a venography. |
| electrocardiography | noninvasive process of recording electrical activity of myocardium |
| electr/o | electric |
| noninvasive procedure | does not require insertion of instrument or device through skin or body opening for diagnosis or treatment |
| electrocardiogram | record of the electrical activity of the myocardium. |
| Holter monitor | portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor heart rates/ rhythms (24-48hr) |
| stress test | assesses cardiovascular health & function during/ after stress |
| thallium stress test | evaluates how well blood flows through coronary arteries of heart muscle during exercise. |
| compliance | accuracy and consistency w/ which patient follows physician's instructions |
| antihypertensive | meds administed to lower bp |
| ACE inhibitor | angiotensin-converting enzyme. Blocks action of enzyme that causes bv's to contract, resulting in hypertension. |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | ARBs have similar action/ effect as ACE inhibitors |
| beta-blocker | reduces workload of heart by slowing rate of heartbeat. Lower bp, relieve angina, or treat heart failure |
| calcium channel blocker agents | cause heart & bv's to relax by decreasing movement of calcium into cells of these structures. Increase blood supply & oxygen |
| diuretic | stimulate kidneys to increase secretion of urine to rid body of excess sodium & water. Reduce fluid circulating in blood. |
| antiarrhythmic | medication administered to control irregularities of heartbeat |
| anticoagulant | slows coagulation & prevents new clots from forming |
| coagulation | process of blood clotting |
| blood thinners | anticoagulants - although they don't thin blood. |
| coumadin | brand name for warfarin, anticoagulant to prevent blood clost from forming or growing larger. |
| heparin | common anticoagulant. Works faster than coumadin, but injection or IV solution. |
| aspirin | 81mg may be recommended to reduce risk of heart attack or stroke by reducing ability of blood to clot |
| cholesterol-lowering drugs | used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing undesirable cholesterol levels in blood |
| digitalis | digoxin, strengthens contraction of heart muscle, slows heart rate, helps eliminate fluid from body tissues. Foxglove plant. |
| thrombolytic | aka clot-busting drug, dissolves or causes thrombus to break up |
| thrombolytic therapy | use of drugs to break up a thrombus |
| tissue plasminogen activator | thrombolytic to patients having heart attack or stroke. Administered in few hrs, can dissolve damaging blood clots |
| vasoconstrictor | causes bv's to narrow. Ex Antihistamines * decongestants. |
| vasodilator | causes bv's to expand. |
| nitroglycerin | vasodilator to prevent or relieve pain of angina by dilating bv's to heart. Increases blood flow & oxygen to heart. |
| How is nitroglycerin administered | sublingually, transdermally, orally as spray. |
| cardiopulmonary bypass | aka CPB, heart-lung machine, device sometimes used to maintain circulation of blood & oxygen to body during surgery |
| angioplasty | technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed bv |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty | aka PTCA, balloon angioplasty. Small balloon on end of catheter used to open partially blocked coronary artery by stretching |
| laser angioplasty | laser on end of catheter, using beams of light to remove plaque deposit. |
| stent | wire-mesh tube commonly placed after artery has been opened. provides support to arterial wall, keeps plaque away, prevents restenosis |
| restenosis | condition when artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again |
| atherectomy | surgical removal of plaque buildup from interior of an artery. |
| carotid endarterectomy | surgical removal of lining of portion of clogged carotid artery leading to brain. To reduce risk of stroke |
| coronary artery bypass graft | aka CABG, bypass surgery. opening of chest, piece of vein from leg or chest implanted on heart to replace blocked coronary artery & improve flow of blood to heart |
| minimally invasive coronary artery bypass | aka keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass. Alternative technique for some bypass patients |
| defibrillation | aka cardioversion, use of electrical shock to restore heart's normal rhythm. |
| defibrillator | device providing shock for defibrillation |
| artificial pacemaker | primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation. Attached externally or implanted under skin |
| implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | ICD, double-action pacemaker that constantly regulates to ensure beat not too slow & if disruption occurs, acts as automatic defibrillator |
| cardiac ablation | aka catherter ablation, procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scar or destroy heart tissue triggering abnormal heart rhythm |
| ablation | removal or destruction of tissue, to treat prostate cancer |
| valvuloplasty | surgical repair of heart valve |
| heart valve replacement | surgery to replace 1 of the heart's 4 heart valves, usually aortic or mitral. replaced w/ mechanical or animal/ human tissue |
| transcatheter aortic valve replacement | TAVR relatively new, minimally invasive procedure in which existing valve left in place & collapsible replacement valve delivered to site through catheter. Expanded inside defective |
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation | aka CRP, emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration & manual external cardiac compression |
| cardiopulonary | pertaining to the heart & lungs |
| compression-only resuscitation | effective in keeping patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until pro responders arrive. |
| aneurysmectomy | surgical removal of an aneurysm |
| aneurysmorrhaphy | aka aneurysmoplasty, surgical suturing of an aneurysm |
| aneurysm clipping | surgical method to isolate aneurysm from rest of circulatory system by placing small clip across its neck. Titanium clip prevents blood flowing into aneurysm |
| arteriectomy | surgical removal of part of an artery |
| hemostasis | to stop or control bleeding. Can be accomplished by formation of blood clot by body or through external app of pressure to block blood flow |
| plasmapheresis | aka plasma exchange, removal of whole blood from body & separation of blood's cellular elements. RBC's & platelets suspended in saline & returned to circulatory system. |
| A-fib | atrial fibrillation |
| AED | automated external defibrillator |
| ICD | implantable cardioverter-defibrillator |
| card cath, CC | cardiac catheterization |
| CVI | chronic venous insuficiency |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass gift |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| EKG, ECG | electrocardiogram |
| HTN | hypertension |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| PAD | peripheral artery disease |
| PVD | peripheral vascular disease |
| TST | thallium stress test |
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator |
| V-fib | ventricular fibrillation |
Created by:
kld0519
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