renal
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| pyelonephritis | an infection of the kidneys and renal pelvis
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| acute pyelonephritis | abrupt onset with chills and fever, headache, low back pain and tenderness and costovertebral angle, general malaise with urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria
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| chronic pyelonephritis | a progessive condition caused by severe hypertension leading to scarring and deformation of kidneys. leads to ESRD
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| saturation theory | kidney stones created by urine saturated with components
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| inhibition theory | kidney stones created by a deficiency of endogenous compounds that normally inhibit stone formation
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| matrix theory | kidney stones created by organic materials that acts as a nucleus for stone formation
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| calcium stones | the most common stone formed from increased calcium in the blood and urine
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| magnesium ammonium phosphate stones | stones formed in alkaline urine in the presence of bacteria; always associated with UTI's
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| uric acid stones | stones formed with increased concentration of uric acid
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| cystine stones | stones formed from a defect in the renal transport of cystine
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| renal colic | the pain from kidney stones
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| triad of renal cancer | hematuria, palpable mass, and costovertebral pain
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| benign prostatic hyperplasia | nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland; compresses urethra, retention of urine, and progressive distention of bladder
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| prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate gland
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| acute prostatitis | caused by ascending infection of the urinary tract
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| chronis prostatitis | caused by recurrent UTI's
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| nonbacterial prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate w/o infection
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| prostatodynia | symptoms of nonbacterial prostatitis but no inflammation of the prostate
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| Creatine | Product of creatine metabolism from muscle;its production is directly dependent on muscle mass.
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| Factors that decrease the serum creatinine concentrations | low muscle mass, diet without meat,
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| Factors that increase the serum creatinine concentrations | exercise, big muscle mass, diet with meat, drugs (cimetidine, trimethoprim)
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| Urinalysis | assessment of its chemical and physical compositon of urine
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| pH of urine normal range | 4.5-7.8
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| Urine specific gravity | 1.003-1.030. Measure of the kidney's ability to make concentrated urine.
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| Urine Glucose | Normally absent. Threshhold for glucose reabsorption is 180 mg/dL. Glucosuria will be present when the threshhold is exceeded.
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| Nitrite, Leucocyte Esterase | Suggestive of urinary tract infection when found in urine
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| Heme | Present in urine suggests hemoglobulin or myoglobulin
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| Formed elements in urine | Erythrocytes and leucocytes, casts and crystals
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