Med Term CH4 Muscular System
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| bi- | twice
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| -cele | hernia, tumor, swelling
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| dys- | bad, difficult, painful
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| fasci/o | fascia, fibrous band
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| fibr/o | fibrous tissue, fiber
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| -ia | abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
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| -ic | pertaining to
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| kines/o, kinesi/o | movement
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| my/o | muscle
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| -plegia | paralsis, stroke
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| -rrhexis | rupture
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| tax/o | coordination, order
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| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
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| ton/o | tone, stretching, tension
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| tri- | three
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| muscle fibers | long, slender cells that make up muscles
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| fascia | band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles
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| myofascial | pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
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| tendon | narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
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| ligaments | bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone
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| patellar tendon | attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella
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| achilles tendon | attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone
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| aponeurosis | sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone
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| 3 types of muscle tissue | skeletal, smooth, & myocardial
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| skeletal muscles | attached to bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible. aka voluntary muscles, striated muscles
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| striated | striped
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| voluntary muscles | skeletal muscles - we have conscious control over these muscles
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| striated muscles | skeletal muscles - under a microscope the dark & light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance.
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| smooth muscle locations | located in walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, & ducts leading from glands.
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| smooth muscle functions | move & control flow of fluids. aka involuntary muscles, unstriated muscles, visceral muscles
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| involuntary muscles | smooth muscle, under control of autonomic nervous system & are not under voluntary control.
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| unstriated muscles | smooth muscle, do not have dark and light bands like striated
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| visceral muscles | smooth muscle, found in hollow structures such as those of the digestive tract & urinary systems. Found in LG internal organs
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| visceral | relating to the internal organs
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| myocardial muscles | aka myocardium or cardiac muscle, form muscular walls of the heart. Like striated in appearance, smooth muscle b/c involuntary. Constant contraction/ relaxation = heartbeat
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| muscle innervation | stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. Control voluntary muscle contractions
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| neuromuscular | pertaining to the relationship btw an nerve & muscle
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| antagonistic | working in opposition to each other - muscles are antagonistic pairs
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| contraction | tightening of a muscle, becomes shorter and thicker causing belly (center) to enlarge
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| relaxation | occurs when muscle returns to its original form, becomes longer and thinner, belly no longer enlarged
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| abduction | movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
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| abductor muscle | moves a body part away from the midline
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| adduction | movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
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| adductor muscle | moves body part toward midline
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| flexion | decreasing the angle btw 2 bones by bending a limb at a joint
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| extension | increasing the angle btw 2 bones or the straightening out of a limb
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| extensor muscle | straightens limb at a joint
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| hyperextension | extreme overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.
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| elevation | act of raising or lifting a body part
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| levator anguli oris | muscles of the face that raise the corners of the mouth into a smile
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| levator muscle | muscle that raises body part
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| depressor anguli oris | lowers corners of mouth to a frown
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| depressor muscle | lowers body part
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| rotation | circular movement around an axis such as shoulder joint
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| axis | imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body, & rotation turns a bone on its own axis
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| circumduction | circular movement at far end of limb.
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| rotator muscle | turns a body part on its axis
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| rotator cuff | group of muscles & their tendons that hold the head of the humerous securely in place as it rotates w/in shoulder joint
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| supination | act of rotating the arm or leg so that palm of hand or sole of foot is turned forward or upward.
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| pronation | act of rotating arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
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| dorsiflexion | movement that bends food upward at ankle, decreases angle
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| plantar flexion | movement that bends foot downward at ankle, increasing angle
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| plantar | pertaining to the sole of the foot
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| superficial muscles | located near the surface, just under skin
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| origin | where muscle begins, located nearest midline of body or on a less movable part of skeleton.
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| insertion | where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon, more movable attachment
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| sternocleidomastoid muscle | helps bend neck and rotate head. Named for 2 points of origin: stern/o breastbone, cleid/o collar bone. Mastoid muscle to mastoid process
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| cleid/o | collar bone
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| mastoid process | part of temporal bone that is located just behind ear
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| flexor carpi muscles | make flexion of the wrist possible
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| extensor carpi muscles | make extension of the wrist possible
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| carpi | wrist or wrist bones
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| pectoralis major | thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
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| pectoral | relating to the chest
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| lateralis | toward the side
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| vastus lateralis | large muscle toward the outer side of the leg.
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| vastus | Latin = huge
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| medialis | toward the midline
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| vastus medialis | muscle toward the midline of the leg, part of quadriceps that flex & extend leg at knee
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| oblique | slanted or at an angle
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| rectus | straight alignment w/ vertical axis of the body.
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| sphincter | ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.
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| transverse | in a crosswise direction
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| biceps brachii | aka biceps, formed from two division
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| triceps brachii | aka triceps, formed from 3 divisions
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| gluteus maximus | largest muscle of buttock, great or large
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| deltoid muscle | located on shoulder, shaped like inverted triangle, Greek delta symbol
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| hamstring group | back of upper leg, knee flexion and hip extension: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus muscles
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| frontalis muscle | aka occipitofrontalis, muscle in forehead that raises & lowers eyebrows
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| temporalis muscle | muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close mouth
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| masseter muscle | one of the strongest in body, moves lower jaw up to close mouth when chewing
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| pectoralis major | in men, makes up bulk of chest muscles & in women lies under breast
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| external oblique muscles | flex and rotate the vertebral column, flex torso & compress the abdomen.
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| internal oblique muscles | flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe, & rotate spine
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| rectus abdominus | helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, supports spine
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| transverse abdominis | located on the side of the abdomen. Core muscle that is engaged when a person laughs or coughs
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| deltoid | forms muscular cap of shoulder
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| trapezius | muscle moves the head and shoulder blade
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| biceps brachii | located in anterior upper arm, flexes elbow
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| triceps brachii | located in posterior upper arm, extends elbow
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| rectus femoris | extends leg @ knee
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| quadriceps femoris | 4 muscles including: vastus lateralis & vastis medialis, which flex & extend the leg at the knee
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| hamstring group | involved in knee flexion & hip extension
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| gastrocnemius | calf muscle that flexes the knee & bends the foot downward. Latin: stomach of the leg, from bulge
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| exercise physiologist | specialist who works under physician to develop, implement, & coordinate exercise programs & administer fitness tests
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| neurologist | physician who specializes in treating causes of paralysis & similar muscular disorders
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| occupational therapist | OT, helps enable patients to participate in activities of daily life , including self-care, education ,work, social
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| physiatrist | physician who specializes in physical medicine & rehab w/ focus on restoring function.
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| rehabilitation | restoration, following disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner
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| physical therapist | PT, provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
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| sports medicine physician | specializes in treating sports-related injuries of bones, joints, muscles
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| fasciitis | inflammation of a fascia
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| fibromyalgia | debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue,; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain
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| debilitating | condition causing weakness
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| tenosynovitis | inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
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| tendinitis | or tendonitis, inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of joint
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| chronic fatigue syndrome | CFS, disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems, symptoms similar to fibromyalgia & may be related
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| myaligic encephalomeylitis | aka chronic fatigue syndrome
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| adhesion | band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally. Can form in muscles or internal organs from injury or surgery
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| atrophy | weakness or wearing away of body tissues & structures. Can be from pathology or by disuse of muscle over long period
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| myalgia | tenderness or pain in muscles
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| myocele | herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
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| hernia | protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
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| myolysis | degeneration of muscle tissue
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| degeneration | deterioration or breaking down
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| deterioration | process of becoming worse
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| myorrhexis | rupture or tearing of a muscle
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| polymyositis | muscle disease characterized by simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of body.
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| rhabdomyolysis | serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
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| sarcopenia | loss of muscle mass, strength, & function that come w/ aging. Can be slowed/ improved w/ fitness but not stopped
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| muscle tone | state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, & movement possible
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| atonic | lacking normal muscle tone or strength
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| dystonia | condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
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| hypotonia | condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
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| ataxia | lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement, often shaky and unsteady, likely abnormal activity in cerebellum
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| contracture | permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced w/ nonelastic. Scarring or lack of activity
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| intermittent claudication | pain in leg muscles that occur during exercise & relieved by rest. Poor circulation
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| intermittent | coming and going at intervals
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| claudication | limping
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| spasm | any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles.
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| tic | repeated spasm, often involving eyelids or face. Difficult or impossible to control
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| myoclonus | quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or groups of muscles. might happen when falling asleep as jerks, shakes, spasms
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| singultus | aka hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphram that causes sound of hiccups w/ each spasm
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| cramp | aka charley horse, painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause, menstrual cramps or writer's cramp
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| torticollis | aka wryneck, stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of neck muscles that pull head toward the affected side.
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| bradykinesia | extreme slowness in movement - symptom of Parkinson's disease
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| dyskinesia | distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
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| hyperkinesia | aka hyperactivity, abnormally increased muscle function or activity
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| myasthenia gravis | chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles.
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| myasthenia | muscle weakness
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| gravis | Latin: grave, serious
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| muscular dystrophy | group of more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness & degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement, w/o affecting nervous system
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| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | DMD, most common form of MD in children. Primarily affects boys starting 3-5 and progresses so can't walk by 12
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| Becker muscular dystrophy | BMD similar, but less severe than DMD
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| repetitive stress disorder | aka repetitive motion disorders, variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed normally.
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| compartment syndrome | involves compression of nerves & blood vessels due to swelling w/in the "compartment". Caused by trauma, tight bandages, repetitive activities
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| "compartment" | enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
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| overuse injuries | minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
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| overuse tendinitis | aka overuse tendinosis, inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
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| stress fractures | usually overuse injuries
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| myofascial pain syndrome | chronic pain disorder that affects muscles & fascia throughout body.
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| trigger points | tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact w/ a muscle
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| referred pain | pain that originates in one area but felt in another
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| impingement syndrome | occurs when inflamed & swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space btw the bones w/in the shoulder joint
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| rotator cuff tendinitis | aka tennis shoulder, pitcher's shoulder, inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
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| ruptured rotator cuff | when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if overuse continues. Irritated tendon weakens and tears
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| carpal tunnel syndrome | symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused & become inflamed & swollen
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| carpal tunnel | narrow, bony passage under the carpal ligament that is located just below inner surface of the wrist. Median nerve & tendons that bend fingers pass through this tunnel
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| carpal tunnel release | surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of carpal ligament to relieve pressure on tendons & nerves
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| ganglion cyst | harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.
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| epicondylitis | inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
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| condyle | round prominence at end of a bone
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| lateral epicondylitis | aka tennis elbow, characterized by pain on outer side of forearm
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| medial epicondylitis | aka golfer's elbow, characterized by pain on the palm-side of the forearm
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| heel spur | calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone.
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| plantar fasciitis | an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot. Causes foot or heel pain when walking/ running.
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| sprain | injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when ligament is wrenched or torn
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| strain | injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon. Associated w/ overuse injuries that involve a stretched or torn muscle or tendon attachment
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| shin splint | painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone)
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| where can shin splints occur? | anterolateral (front and side) muscles or posteromedial (back & middle) muscles of the lower leg.
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| hamstring injury | can be a strain or tear on any of the 3 hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee.
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| Achilles tendinitis | painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress on that tendon
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| spinal cord injury | SCI, determined by level of injury - the higher, the greater are of body affected
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| incomplete injury | SCI: person has some function below the level of the injury, even though the function isn't normal
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| complete injury | SCI: complete loss of sensation & muscle control below the level of the injury
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| paralysis | loss of sensation & voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply. Temp or perm
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| myoparesis | weakness or slight muscular paralysis
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| hemiparesis | slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of body
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| hemiplegia | total paralysis affecting only one side of the body - likely from stroke or brain damage
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| hemiplegic | a person affected w/ hemiplegia
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| paraplegia | paralysis of both legs & lower part of body
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| paraplegic | person affected w/ paraplegia
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| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four extremities
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| quadriplegic | person affected w/ quadriplegia
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| deep tendon reflexes | DTRs, tested w/ reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon. No or abnormal response = disruption of nerve supply to muscles
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| reflex | involuntary response to a stimulus
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| range-of-motion testing | ROM, diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility & muscle strength. ROM exercises increase mobility/ strength
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| electromyography | EMG, diagnostic test that measures electrical activity w/in muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
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| electromyogram | record from electromyography
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| muscle biopsy | removal of a plug of tissue for examination, biopsy needle.
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| antispasmodic | aka anticholinergic, administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of stomach, intestine, bladder
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| atropine | antispasmodic that can be administered preoperatively to relax smooth muscles during surgery
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| skeletal muscle relaxant | administered to relax certain muscles & to relieve stiffness, pain, & discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
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| neuromuscular blocker | aka neuromuscular blocking agent, drug that causes temp paralysis by blocking transmission of nerve stimuli to muscles
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| adjunct | in addition to
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| ergonomics | study of the human factors that affect the design & operation of tools & the work environment.
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| myofascial release | specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease pain of certain conditions.
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| occupational therapy | OT, consists of activities to promote recovery & rehab to assist patients in performing daily activities
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| ADL | activities of daily living
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| physical therapy | PT, treatment to prevent disability or restore function through use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
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| therapeutic ultrasound | high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep w/in muscle
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| transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | TENS, device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles.
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| RICE | most common first aid treatment of muscular injuries. Rest, Ice, Compression, & Elevation.
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| fasciotomy | surgical incision through fascia to relieve tension or pressure
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| fascioplasty | surgical repair of fascia
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| tenodesis | surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
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| tenolysis | release of a tendon from adhesions
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| tenorrphaphy | surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
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| tenotomy | a surgical incision into a tendon
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| ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy | PNT, used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing.
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| platelet-rich plasma therapy | can be used in conjunction w/ PNT, some of patient's blood is injected into scar tissue to promote increased blood flow/ healing
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| myorrhaphy | surgical suturing of a muscle
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| myotomy | surgical incision into a muscle
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| CTS | Carpal tunnel syndrome
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| CFS | chronic fatigue syndrome
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| EMG | electromyography
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| hemi | hemiplegia
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| IC | intermittent claudication
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| MD | muscular dystrophy
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| MG | myasthenia gravis
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| OT | occupational therapy
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| PM | polymyositis
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| quad | quadriplegia
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| RSD | repetitive stress disorder
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| ROM | range-of-motion testing
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