Med Term CH3 Skeletal System
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| ankyl/o | crooked, bent, stiff
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| arthr/o | joint
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| burs/o | bursa
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| chondr/i, chondr/o | cartilage
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| cost/o | rib
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| crani/o | skull
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| -desis | to bind, tie together
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| kyph/o | bent, hump
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| lord/o | curve, swayback, bent
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| -lysis | loosening or setting free
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| myel/o | spinal cord, bone marrow
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| oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o | bone
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| scoli/o | curved, bent
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| spondyl/o | vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
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| synovi/o, synov/o | synovial membrane, synovial fluid
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| Bones (combining forms/ functions) | oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o, framework of body, protect internal organs, store calcium
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| Bone Marrow (combing forms/ functions) | myel/o, red bone marrow helps form red blood cells, yellow marrow stores fat.
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| Cartilage (combining forms/ functions) | chondr/o, creates smooth surface for motion w/in joints & protects ends of bones
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| Joints (combining forms/ functions) | arthr/o, work w/ muscles to make variety of motions possible
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| Ligaments (combining forms/ functions) | ligament/o, connect one bone to another
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| Synovial Membrane (combining forms/ functions) | synovi/o, synov/o, forms lining of synovial joints & secretes synovial fluid.
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| Synovial Fluid (combining forms/ functions) | synovi/o, synov/o, lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible.
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| Bursa (combining forms/ functions) | burs/o, cushions areas subject to friction during movement
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| ossification | at 3 months, cartilage begins to form bones via this process & continues through adolescence.
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| connective tissue | Bone is a form of this & 2nd hardest tissue in body. Dental enamel harder.
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| periosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
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| compact bone | aka cortical bone, is dense, hard, & very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. 75% of bone matter by weight
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| spongy bone | aka cancellous bone, porous & sponge-like, red bone marrow located here @ ends/ inner portion of long bones
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| long bones | femur & humerous
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| medullary cavity | central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, surrounded by compact bone. Red/ yellow marrow stored
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| medullary | pertaining to the inner section
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| endosteum | tissue that lines the medullary cavity
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| red bone marrow | located in spongy bone, hemopoietic tissue mfg's red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, & thrombocytes
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| hemopoietic | pertaining to the formation of blood cells. Also hematopoietic
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| yellow bone marrow | fat storage area, located in medullary cavity of long bones.
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| bone marrow birth - adult | most marrow is red from birth through early adolescences, then approx 1/2 gradually replaced by yellow
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| cartilage | smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber btw bones. More elastic than bone
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| articular cartilage | covers surfaces of bones where they articulate or come together to form joints. Smooth joint movements, bone protection
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| meniscus | curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints like knee & temporomandibular joint of jaw
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| diaphysis | shaft of long bone
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| epiphyses | wider ends of long bones such as femurs. Protected w/ articular cartilage
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| proximal epiphysis | end of bone located nearest to midline
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| distal epiphysis | end of bone located farthest from midline
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| foramen | opening in bone through which blood vessels, nerves, ligaments pass.
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| Explain foramen magnum | spinal cord passes through this opening in the occipital bone at base of skull
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| process | normal projection on surface of bone that serves as attachment for muscle or tendon
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| mastoid process | bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears.
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| joints | aka articulations, place of union btw 2 or more bones. Classified by construction or degree of movement
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| fibrous joints | consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds bones tightly together. aka sutures in adults - no movement
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| fontanelles | aka soft spots present on newborn skull that allow passage through birth canal + growth in 1st yr. Sutures close w/ age
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| cartilaginous joints | allow only slight movement & consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. Ex rib to sternum
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| pubic symphysis | allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. btw pubic bones in anterior of pelvis
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| synovial joint | created where 2 bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. described based on motion
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| ball-and-socket joints | hips, shoulders, allow wide range of movement in many directions
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| hinge joints | knees, elbows, synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
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| synovial capsule | component of s.joint that is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue resembling a sleeve as it surrounds joint
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| synovial membrane | component of s. joint that lines the capsule & secretes synovial fluid
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| synovial fluid | component of s.joint which flows w/in synovial cavity, acts as lubricant to make smooth movement of joint possible
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| ligaments | bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or joining bone to cartilage
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| bursa | fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas subject to friction like shoulder, elbow, knee
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| axial skeleton | Protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory, & circulatory system. 80 bones of head & body.
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| axial skeleton 5 parts | bones of skull, ossicles of ears, hyoid bone (chin & thyroid), rib cage, vertebral column
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| 2 divisions of skeleton | axial and appendicular
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| appendicular skeleton | makes body movement possible & protects organs of digestion, excretion, & reproduction. 126 bones - upper/ lower extremeties
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| appendicular skeleton upper extremities | shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, hands
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| appendicular skeleton lower extremities | hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet
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| appendage | anything attached to major part of body
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| appendicular | referring to an appendage
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| extremity | terminal end of a body part such as arm or leg
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| bones of the skull | 8 form cranium, 14 form face, 6 in middle ear
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| cranium | skull, 8 bones, protects brain, joined by fibrous joints called sutures
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| frontal bone | cranial: anterior portion that forms forehead & houses sinuses/ eyeball socket
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| parietal bones | cranial: 2 of the largest bones of skull, form most of roof & upper sides of cranium
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| occipital bone | cranial: forms back part of skull & base of cranium
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| temporal bones | cranial: 2 form sides/ base of cranium
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| external auditory meatus | cranial: opening of external auditory canal of outer ear. Canal located w/in temporal bone on ea side of skull
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| meatus | external opening of a canal
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| sphenoid bone | cranial: irregular, wedge-shaped bone at base of skull. helps form base of skull & makes contact w/ all other cranial bones.
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| ethmoid bone | cranial: light, spongy bone located at roof & sides of nose. Separates nasal cavity from brain & is portion of orbits
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| orbit | bony socket that surrounds & protects each eyeball
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| auditory ossicles | 3 tiny bones located in ea middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes.
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| bones of the face | 14. Some contain air-filled cavities known as sinuses.
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| sinuses | lighten weight of skull
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| nasal bones | face: 2 form upper part of bridge of nose
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| zygomatic bones | face: cheekbones, articulate w/ front bone
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| maxillary bones | face: aka maxillae, form most of upper jaw
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| palatine bones | face: form the anterior part of hard palate of mouth & floor of nose
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| lacrimal bones | face: part of orbit @ inner angle
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| inferior conchae | face: thin, scroll-like bones that form part of interior of nose
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| vomer bone | face: forms base for nasal septum
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| nasal septum | cartilage wall that divides the 2 nasal cavities
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| mandible | face: jawbone, only movable bone of skull. Attached @ TMJ
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| TMJ | temporomandibular joint, where mandible attaches to skull
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| thoracic cavity | aka rib cage. Bony structure that protects heart & lungs. Ribs, sternum, upper portion of spinal column - neck to diaphragm
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| ribs | 12 pairs, aka costals, attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebra
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| true ribs | 1st 7 pair of ribs, attaching anteriorly to sternum
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| false ribs | 3 pairs of ribs after true ribs. Attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to sternum
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| floating ribs | last 2 pairs of ribs, after false ribs. Only attached posteriorly to vertebrae & not attached anteriorly
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| sternum | aka breast bone. Flat, dagger-shaped bone in middle of chest.
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| manubrium | bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
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| bony of the sternum | aka gladiolus, bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
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| xiphoid process | structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum. Greek: straight sword
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| pectoral girdle | aka shoulder girdle, shoulders, which supports arms & hands.
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| clavicle | shoulder girdle: aka collar bone, slender bone that connects the manubrium of sternum to scapula
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| scapula | shoulder girdle: aka shoulder blade
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| acromion | shoulder girdle: extension of scapula that forms the high point of shoulder.
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| humerous | arms: bone of upper arm
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| radius | arms: smaller & shorter bone in forearm on thumb side
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| ulna | arms: larger & longer bone of forearm, proximal end articulates with distal end of humerous to form elbow joint
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| olecranon process | aka funny bone, large projection on upper end of ulna, forms point of elbow & exposes a nerve that tingles when struck
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| bones of wrist | 8 carpals, form bony carpal tunnel passage
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| carpal tunnel | in wrist, median nerve & tendons of fingers pass through this tunnel
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| metacarpals | 5 bones in palm of hand
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| phalanges | 14 bones of fingers - singular phalanx (same w/ toes)
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| 3 bones in each finger | distal, middle, proximal (same w/ toes)
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| 2 bones in thumb | distal & proximal (same w/ toes)
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| spinal column | aka vertebral column, protects spinal cord & supports head/ body, 26 vertebrae.
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| vertebral | pertaining to the spinal column
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| structures of vertebra | body, lamina, foramen
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| body of vertebra | anterior portion that is solid to provide strength
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| lamina | posterior portion, transverse & spinous processes extend from this area & are attachments for muscles/ tendons
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| vertebral foramen | opening in middle of vertebra, allows spinal cord to pass through & protect spinal cord.
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| intervertebral disks | made of cartilage, separate & cushion the vertebrae from each other, shock absorbers & allow spinal column movement.
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| cervical vertebrae | 1st 7 set of vertebrae forming neck. C1-C7
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| cervical | pertaining to the neck
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| thoracic vertebrae | 2nd set of 12 vertebrae after cervical, form outward curve of spine, each has pair of ribs attached, T1-T12
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| thoracic | pertaining to the thoracic cavity
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| lumbar vertebrae | 3rd set of 5 vertebrae that form inward curve of lower spine, largest & strongest & bear most of body's weight, L1-L5
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| lumbar | pertaining to the part of the back & sides btw ribs & pelvis
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| sacrum | next-to-last vertebrae, slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near base of spine that forms lower portion of back.
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| sacrum @ birth | 5 separate bones that fuse together in childhood to form 1
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| coccyx | aka tailbone, last vertebrae, forms end of spine & made up of 4 sm vertebrae fused together. Coccyx: Greek, cuckoo (shape of beak)
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| pelvis | aka bony pelvis, protects internal organs & supports lower extremities. Includes pelvic girdle, sacrum, & coccyx
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| pelvic girdle | cup-shaped ring of bone @ lower end of trunk consisting of ilium, ischium, & pubis.
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| ilium | broad, blade-shaped bone that forms back & sides of pubic bone
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| sacroiliac | slightly movable articulation btw sacrum & posterior portion of ilium
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| ischium | forms lower posterior portion of pubic bone, bears weight of body when sitting
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| pubis | forms anterior portion of pubic bone, located just below urinary bladder
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| pubic bones @ birth | ilium, ischium, & pubis are separate, but fuse in childhood to form LT & RT pubic bones held together by pubic symphysis.
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| symphysis | place where 2 bones are closely joined
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| pubic symphysis | cartilaginous joint that unites LT & RT pubic bones. Allows slight movement btw bones.
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| acetabulum | aka hip socket, LG circular cavity in ea side of pelvis that articulates w/ head of femur to form hip joint
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| femurs | leg: largest bone in body, thigh bones, head articulates w/ acetabulum, neck is narrow area below head
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| femoral | pertaining to the femur
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| knees | leg: patella, popliteal, cruciate ligaments
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| patella | aka kneecap, bony anterior portion of knee
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| popliteal | posterior space behind knee where ligaments, vessels, & muscles for this joint are located
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| cruciate ligaments | make knee movements possible, anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments shaped like a cross
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| lower leg | tibia & fibula
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| tibia | aka shinbone, larger anterior weight-bearing bone of lower leg
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| fibula | smaller of the 2 bones of lower leg
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| ankles | joints that connect lower leg to foot & make movement possible.
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| tarsals | 7, similar to bones of wrist but much stronger & larger
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| malleolus | rounded bony projection on tibia & fibula on each side of ankle joint
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| talus | ankle bone that articulates w/ tibia & fibula
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| calcaneous | aka heel bone, largest of tarsal bones
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| metatarsals | 5 that form part of foot to which toes are attached
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| chiropractor | DC, Doctor of Chiropractic, specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of spine
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| manipulative treatment | manually adjusting positions of the bones
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| orthopedic surgeon | DO, Doctor of Osteopathy, uses traditional med treatments in addition to spinal manipulation. aka osteropathy
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| osteopathy | DO, Doctor of Osteopathy OR any bone disease
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| podiatrist | DP, Doctor of Podiatry, specializes in diagnosing & treating disorders of foot (aka DPM)
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| rheumatologist | physician who specializes in diagnosis & treatment of arthritis & disorders such as osteoporsis, fibromyalgia, & tendinitis
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| ankylosis | loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure.
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| mobility | being capable of movement
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| adhesive capsulitis | aka frozen shoulder, painful ankylosis of the shoulder, caused by adhesions making joint thicker & tighter
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| arthrosclerosis | stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
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| Baker's cyst | aka popliteal cyst, fluid-filled sac behind knee. Usually from condition triggering production of excess synovial fluid.
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| bursitis | inflammation of the bursa
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| chondromalacia | abnormal softening of cartilage
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| costochondritis | inflammation of cartilage that connects rib to sternum
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| hallux valgus | aka bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at base of great toe
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| hemarthrosis | blood w/in a joint, frequently due to joint injury, can happen taking blood thinners or clotting issues
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| polymyalgia | inflammatory disorder of muscles & joints characterized by pain & stiffness in neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs.
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| rheumatica | Latin word for rheumatism, which is obsolete term for arthritis
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| sprain | occurs when ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn
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| synovitis | inflammation of synovial membrane that results in swelling & pain of affected joint
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| dislocation | aka luxation, total displacement of a bone from its joint
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| subluxation | partial displacement of bone from its joint
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| arthritis | inflammatory condition of one or more joints, more than 100 types
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| osteoarthritis | aka wear-and-tear arthritis, commonly associated w/ aging, characterized by hypertrophy of bone & formation of osteophytes
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| degenerative joint disease | oseoarthritis - wearing away of articular cartilage
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| degenerative | breaking down or impairment of body parts
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| osteophytes | bone spurs, associated with osteoarthritis
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| spondylosis | aka spinal osteoarthritis, degenerative disorder causing loss of normal spinal structure & function
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| gout | aka gouty arthritis, deposits of uric acid crystals in joints, usually starting w/ big toe. Red, warm, excruciatingly sensitive
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| rheumatoid arthritis | aka RA, chronic autoimmune disorder where joints & some organs of other body systems attacked.
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| ankylosing spondylitis | form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of joints btw vertebrae. aka spondyloarthropathies
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| juvenile rheumatiod arthritis | JRA, autoimmune disorder 16 yr & under, stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, fatigue. most outgrow
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| herniated disk | aka slipped/ ruptured, the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
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| lumbago | aka low back pain, pain of lumbar region of spine
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| spondylolisthesis | forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
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| -listhesis | slipping
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| spina bifida | congenital defect that occurs in early pregnancy when spinal canal fails to close completely around spinal cord to protect it
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| spina | pertaining to the spine
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| bifida | split
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| kyphosis | aka humpback or dowager's hump, abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine as viewed from side
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| lordosis | aka swayback, abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine
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| scoliosis | abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of spine
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| avascular necrosis | aka osteonecrosis, bone tissue death from insufficient blood flow. most common in hip joint
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| craniostenosis | malformation of skull due to premature closure of cranial sutures
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| osteitis | or ostitis, an inflammation of bone
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| osteomalacia | aka adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults. Deficiency of vit D, calcium, &/or phosphate.
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| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone marrow & adjacent bone. caused by a bacterial infections often originating elsewhere
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| Paget's disease | chronic bone disease of unknown cause. Abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in pelvis, skull, spine, legs.
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| periostitis | inflammation of the periosteum. Associated w/ shin splints.
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| rickets | deficiency disease occurring in children. Defective bone growth resulting from lack of vitamin D.
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| short stature | formerly dwarfism, failure of bones of limbs to grow to appropriate length. 200 kinds, no more than 4'10"
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| talipes | aka clubfoot, any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones)
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| primary bone cancer | relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in bone.
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| malignant | becoming progressively worse & life-threatening
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| Ewing's sarcoma | tumor that occurs in bones of upper arms, legs, pelvis, or rib. Peak age 10-20 yr
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| secondary bone cancer | tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs.
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| metastasized | spread
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| myeloma | type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in red bone marrow. Causes pathologic fractures, usually fatal
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| osteochrondroma | benign bony projection covered w/ cartilage, tumor known as an exostosis
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| benign | something not life-threatening & does not recur
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| osteoporosis | marked loss of bone density & increase in bone porosity, associated w/ aging.
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| osteopenia | thinner-than-avg bone density. Doesn't have osteoporosis yet, but showing signs. Risk: aging, smoking, drinking, no calcium
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| osteoporosis-related fractures | compression, Colles', hip
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| compression fracture | aka vertebral crush fracture, occurs when bone is pressed together (compressed) on self. can develop dowager's hump
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| Colles' fracture | aka fractured wrist, occurs at lower end of radius when person tries to stop a fall
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| osteoporotic hip fracture | aka broken hip, caused by weakening of bones due to osteoporosis & spontaneous or from fall.
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| osteoporotic | pertaining to or caused by the porous condition of bones
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| fracture | aka broken bone
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| closed fracture | aka simple fracture, complete fracture, bone is broken but no open wound in the skin
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| open fracture | aka compound fracture, one in which bone is broken & there is open wound in the skin
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| comminuted fracture | bone is splintered or crushed.
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| comminuted | crushed into small pieces
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| greenstick fracture | aka incomplete fracture, bone is bent and only partially broken, primarily in children
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| oblique fracture | occurs at an angle across the bone
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| pathologic fracture | occurs when weakened bone breaks under normal strain. Weakened from disease or osteoporosis.
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| spiral fracture | bone has been twisted apart, severe twisting motion seen in sports
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| stress fracture | overuse injury, small crack in bone developing from chronic, excessive impact
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| transverse fracture | straight across bone
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| fat embolus | can form when long bone is fractured & fat cells from yellow marrow are released into blood
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| embolus | any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged & block the blood vessel
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| crepitation | aka crepitus, grating sound heard when ends of broken bone move together. Popping/ clicking of joints.
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| callus | formed as bone heals, bulging deposit around area of break. This tissue eventually becomes bone. OR thickening of skin
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| radiograph | aka x-ray, use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures & other abnormalities
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| arthroscopy | visual examination of internal structure of joint using arthroscope
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| bone marrow biopsy | diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or #'s of red/ white blood cells found in blood test
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| bone marrow aspiration | use of syringe to withdraw tissue from red bone marrow.
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| magnetic resonance imaging | MRI, used to image soft tissue
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| bone density testing | BDT, used to determine losses or changes in bone density. used to diagnose conditions like osteoporosis.
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| ultrasonic bone density testing | screening test for osteoporosis. Sound waves used to take measurements of calcaneus bone
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| dual x-ray absorptionmetry | DXA, low-exposure radiographic measurement of spine & hips to measure bone density - more accurate than ultrasonic
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| bone marrow transplant | BMT, used to treat certain types of cancers which affect bone marrow. 2 types: allogenic & autologous
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| allogenic bone marrow transplant | uses healthy bone marrow cells from compatible donor.
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| allogenic | originating within another
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| autologous bone marrow transplant | patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells that have been harvested, cleansed, treated, & stored before remaining destroyed
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| autologous | originating within an individual
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| orthotic | mechanical appliance, like shoe insert, leg brace, splint that is specially designed to control or correct
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| prosthesis | substitute for diseased or missing body part - like an amputated leg
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| arthrodesis | aka surgical ankylosis, surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen a joint.
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| arthrolysis | surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
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| -desis | to bind
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| -lysis | loosening or setting free
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| arthroscopic surgery | minimally invasive procedure for treatment of interior of a joint
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| chondroplasty | surgical repair of damaged cartilage
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| synovectomy | surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint. ex to repair joint damage
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|
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| arthroplasty | surgical repair of a damaged joint, but has also come to mean the surgical placement of an artificial joint
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|
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| implant | replacement part, prothesis
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|
||||
| total knee replacement | TKR, aka total knee arthroplasty - all parts of knee replaced
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|
||||
| partial knee replacement | PKR, only part of knee replaced
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|
||||
| total hip replacement | THR, aka total hip arthroplasty - restores damaged hip to full function, femur head replaced w/ metal ball
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|
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| hip resurfacing | alternative to removing head of femur - metal cap over head of femur for smoothness in acetabulum
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|
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| revision surgery | replacement of worn or failed implant
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|
||||
| percutaneous diskectomy | performed to treat herniated intervertebral disk. Thin tube through skin of back suctions out ruptured disk/ or vaporizes
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|
||||
| percutaneous | performed through the skin
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|
||||
| percutaneous vertebroplasty | performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures. Minimally invasive -bone cement injected to stabilize
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|
||||
| laminectomy | surgical removal of lamina or posterior portion of vertebra
🗑
|
||||
| spinal fusion | technique to immobilize part of spine by joining together 2 or more vertebrae
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|
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| fusion | to joint together
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|
||||
| craniectomy | surgical removal of a portion of the skull. Performed to treat craniostenosis or relieve intracranial pressure from brain swell
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|
||||
| intracranial pressure | amount of pressure inside skull
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|
||||
| craniotomy | surgical incision or opening into skull, to gain access to brain or relieve pressure
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|
||||
| craniplasty | surgical repair of the skull
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|
||||
| osteoclasis | surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
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|
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| -clasis | to break
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|
||||
| ostectomy | surgical removal of bone
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|
||||
| osteorrhaphy | surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones
🗑
|
||||
| osteotomy | surgical cutting of a bone
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|
||||
| periosteotomy | incision through the periosteum to bone
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|
||||
| closed reduction | aka manipulation, attempted realignment of bone involved in fracture or joint dislocation.
🗑
|
||||
| open reduction | when closed not practical, surgical procedure to realign bone parts
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|
||||
| immobilization | aka stabilization, act of holding, suturing, or fastening bone in a fixed position w/ strapping or cast
🗑
|
||||
| traction | pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction to return bone/ joint to alignment
🗑
|
||||
| external fixation | fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through soft tissues & bone so an external appliance can hold together
🗑
|
||||
| internal fixation | aka open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), plate or pins placed directly into bone to hold broken pieces together. Not removed
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|
||||
| BDT | bone density testing
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|
||||
| CR | closed reduction
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|
||||
| Fx | fracture
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|
||||
| OA | Osteoarthritis
🗑
|
||||
| OP | osteoporosis
🗑
|
||||
| PKR | partial knee replacement
🗑
|
||||
| PMR | polymyalgia rheumatica
🗑
|
||||
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| THA | total hip arthroplasty
🗑
|
||||
| TKA | total knee arthroplasty
🗑
|
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