Blood components and functions
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| What is blood classified as and what does it consist of? | Blood is classified as a connective tissue and it consists of two main components
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| What components does blood consist of? | Plasma and formed elements
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| What is plasma? | Plasma is a clear extracellular fluid
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| What are formed elements made up of? | Platelets and blood cells
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| Why are formed elements so called? | So named because they are enclosed in a plasma membrane and have a definite structure and shape
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| What are platelets? | tiny fragments of bone marrow cells
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| Which three things are classed as formed elements? | 1. Erythrocytes, aka RBCs
2. Leukocytes, aka WBCs
3. Platelets
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| Give two types of WBCs | Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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| Name the types of granulocytes | Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
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| Name the types of agranulocytes | Lymphocytes
Monocytes
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| What are granulocytes? | cells with prominent granules and a multilobed nuclei
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| What are agranulocytes? | nongranular cytoplasm with non lobed nucleus
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| What type of WBC is a neutrophil and what is it's function? | Granulocyte, Phagocytosis of pathogenic microorganisms (innate immune system)
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| What type of WBC is a basophil and what is it's function? | Granulocyte, Capable of ingesting foreign particles. Secretes heparin, serotonin and histamine which intensifies the inflammatory response
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| What type of WBC is an eosinophil and what is it's function? | Can ingest foreign particles, secrete "major basic protein" which is involved in the defence against certain parasitic worms
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| What type of WBC is a lymphocyte and what is it's function? | Agranulocyte, Subdivided into B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
B lymphocytes produce circulation antibodies
T lymphocytes produce long term immunity and are capable of destroying cells infected with a particular antigen
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| What type of WBC is a monocyte and what is it's function? | Agranulocyte, Migrate out of blood to form macrophages - phagocytic cells which engulf bacteria and all debris
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| List three functions of blood | Protection, Inflammation and Regulation
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| Describe the role of blood for protection | • Blood has the ability to clot; this protects the body from excessive blood loss
• WBCs in the blood help to fight infection by producing antibodies and the phagocytosis of bacteria
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| Describe the role of blood in inflammation | • Leukocytes, or WBCs, destroy invading microorganisms and cancer cells
• Antibodies and other proteins destroy pathogenic substances
• Platelet factors initiate blood clotting and help minimise blood loss
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| Describe the role of blood in regulation | Blood helps regulate body temperature as the plasma can absorb heat and then be lost to the environment as the blood flows closer to the skins surface
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| Describe the role of blood in regulation |
• Blood also regulates pH in the body by acting via buffers
• The osmotic pressure of blood also allows the water content of cells to be maintained
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| What is plasma a mixture of? | Plasma is a mixture of proteins, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, hormones and gases
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| What do plasma proteins serve as? | Plasma proteins serve as carriers for other molecules
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| What is the most abundant substance in plasma? | Proteins are the most abundant substance in plasma by weight
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| How long do platelets live? | 5-9 days
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| What do platelets contain? | They contain many granules but no nucleus
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| What do platelets promote and how? | Vascular spasm and blood clotting by releasing the chemicals ADP, serotonin and thromboxane A2
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| List the components of plasma | Water, Albumins (proteins), Globulins (protein), Electrolytes, Nutrients, Gases, Wastes, Fibrinogen (protein)
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| What is fibrinogen produced by and what is it essential in? | Liver, clotting
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| What is transported in the plasma? | Enzymes and hormones
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| What do albumins act as? | A transport protein for many steroid hormones and fatty acids
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| neutrophils | phagocytosis
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| basophils | can ingest foreign particles
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| eosinophil | secretes 'major basic protein' and ingests foreign particles
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