Phleb I
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| functions of blood | transports O2 & CO2, disburses - waste, hormones, antibodies, nutrients, regulates - body temp, pH, electrolytes, hemostatsis - stoppage of blood, platelet plugs form
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| name two parts of blood | plasma = 90% water, 10% dissolved solutes and formed elements = RBCs and buffy coat (WBCs and platelets) - 55% =plama, 45%=formed elements
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| function of RBC | aka erythrocyte -to transport O2 and hemoglobin which gives blood it's red color (iron & protein)
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| function of WBC | aka leukocyte - defense - production of antibodies
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| function of platelet | aka thrombocyte - contains thromboplastin which starts the clotting cascade
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| WBC differential | blood test that allows for testing of each individual WBC. Granulocytes = basophils, esinophils, neutrophils. agranulocytes = monocytes, lymphocytes
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| erythoblast | immature RBC with a nucleus
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| reticulocyte | immature RBC with no nucleus
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| steps of coagulation cascade | 1. platelets aggregate to form platelet plugs 2. factors activate (thromboplastin) 3. calcium binds 4. prothrombin converts to thrombin 5 fibrinogen converts to fibrin
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| plasma v serum | both liquid portion of blood made up mostly of H2O - plasma contains clotting factors prothrombin & fibrinogen, serum does not
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| hemostasis | "stoppage of blood" function of blood that forms blood cells to prevent bleeding and restricts fluid when blood vessels are damaged
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| erythropoietin | hormone that is synthesized in the kidney that sends signal to produce RBCs
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| macrophage | large eating cell that is formed from a monocyte (WBC)
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| diapedesis | process when monocyte (WBC) becomes a macrophage - occurs when monocyte leaves capillaries and enters interstitial space
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| hemocytoblast | undifferentiated stem cell - when cells are formed they don't have a specific function but will eventually go where they are needed
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| vein v artery | veins takes deoxygenated blood to the heart, have thinner walls, valves, small veins are venules. Arteries take oxygenated blood away from the heart, thicker walls to handle pumping pressure from heart, have a pulse, small arteries are arterioles
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| quantitative v qualitative | quantitative provides an actual measurement in specific units. qualitative identifies presence or absence of a substance - positive or negative
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| quality control v quality assurance | QC - procedures that monitor processing of lab specimens. QA - inclusive term for all polices, procedures and practices- to assure that its done
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| EDTA | additive for lavender tube - hemotology
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| how lymph travels through lymphatic system | upward and in towards the body via kinesis. blood plasma enters interstitial space becomes interstitial fluid, moves into capillaries becomes lymph, into lymphatic vessels then enter the circulatory system via the lymphatic ducts
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| lipemic | abnormal amount of fat in the blood - serum or plasma appears milky or cloudy
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| hematoma | bruise - breaking of blood vessels under the skin
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| hemolysis - what is it? what causes it? | destruction of RBCs - caused by shaking or dropping test tube or in capillary puncture, by milking the finger
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| hemoconcentration | occurs when tourniquet is left on too long - liquid portion of blood seeps into the interstitial space so there is a higher concentration of formed elements
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| tourniquet placement | 3-4" above the antecubital space
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| when would you use butterfly | on small sclerosed veins, on children, on hand
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| what items discarded in sharps | anything sharp that could puncture a red bag - needles, glass, sharp instruments, microscope slide
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| what items discarded in red bag | anything saturated with blood, body fluid and OPIM (other potentially infectious materials)
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| additive in light blue tube | sodium citrate - for clotting factors
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| average pints of blood in human | 8-10 pts/ 5-6 ltrs
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| PST | plasma separator tube - mint/light green or green and black marble - contains thixotropic gel and lithium heparin (whole plasma sample)
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| SST | serum separator tube - gold or red and black marble - contains thixotropic gel and gel clot activator (serum sample)
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| what tube for STAT chemistry | PST
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| POL | physician's office laboratory - can perform waived tests
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| PPE | personal protective equipment (standard precautions) - gloves, mask, goggles, gown, caps, etc.
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| lab requisition | order form from Dr. requesting specific lab tests for pt
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| lab report | report showing pt's lab results
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| purpose of baseline reading | baseline taken when pt is in good health - used as a guide for comparison for when they are not well
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| reference ranges | aka normal values, expected values or reference intervals. the range considered "normal" for lab tests
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| which tube for WBC differential | EDTA - lavender
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| which tube for blood culture | sterile - aerobic and anaerobic - SPS (sodium polysulfonate)
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| how to prepare for pt blood culture | 1. select tubes ordered 2. betadine/chloraprep 3. order of draw
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| why wipe away first drop of blood for capillary puncture | bc it contains tissue fluid
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| hematocrit? which tube? | tests proportion of RBCs that make up our blood - lavender tube
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| average range of hematocrit of female, male, nenoate | female = 36%-46%, male = 47%-60%, neonate = 44% - 64%
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| which tube for hemoglobin | lavender - EDTA
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| sickle cell anemia | RBCs are misformed so have less surface area for O2 and hemoglobin (iron/protein)
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| polycythemia | production of too many RBCs in bone marrow
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| average range of hemoglobin of female, male, neonate | female = 12-16 g/dl, male = 13-18 g/dl, neonate 15-20 g/dl
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| order of draw - color of tubes | sterile, light blue, red, gold - red/black marble, dark green, mint/light green - green/black marble, lavender, grey
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| OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration - sets regulations for safe and healthy workplace
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| CLIA | Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment - protects public by regulation all lab tests performed on human specimens
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| normal range of RBCs for female, male | female = 4-5.5 million, male = 4.5-6 million
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| normal range of platelets | 250,000-500,000
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| normal range of WBCs | 4,500 - 11,000
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| how lymph returns to circulatory system | subclavian veins via lymphatic ducts - thoracic duct on left side of body and lymphatic duct on right side
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| profile/panel | series of test that are related by body systems
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| H&H | hematocrit & hemoglobin
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| PT/PTT | prothrombin time/partial thrombinplastin time - used in light blue tube for clotting factors. if using a butterfly needle need a spit/discard tube
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| waived test | low complexity tests that are simple to perform in POL
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| capillary action | physical process of blood being pulled into very thin tube
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| veins in antecubital space | cephalic, median cubital, basilic
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| centrifuge | machine that spins the specimens at a very fast rate for separation and concentration of components
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| NCCLS | National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards - later became CLSI
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| how long does tourniquet stay on | 60 seconds
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| why transport blood in amber tube | photosensitivity
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| CLSI | Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute - sets standards for lab procedures
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| anticoagulant | additive used to prevent clotting
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| aliquot | portion of specimen used for testing
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| venous reflux? why does it occur | when blood returns back into the veins during venipuncture due to arm movement or movement of the tubing of butterfly
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