Drug Categories 33-42
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| Antihypertensives | Drugs that lower blood pressure by interrupting nerve impulses to the brain or causing blood vessels to relax and get bigger.
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| Major antihypertensive medication classes: | beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics
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| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors | lower blood pressure by dilating blood vessels to improve the heart performance
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| ACE inhibitors | reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke
routinely prescribed for the treatment of hypertension
are also useful in treating CHF
recognize them by the ending "pril"
pt has a dry cough
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| ACE inhibitors Generic and Trade Name: | enalapril Vasotec
fosinopril Monopril
lisinopril Zestril -common in CCHS
quinapril Accupril
ramipril Altace
benazepril Lotensin
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| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) | AKA angiotensin II antagonists & AT-2, work by preventing angiotensin from reacting on receptors in blood vessels used by patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin-2 Receptor Antagonists, and AT-2.
Generic names have endings "sartan"
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| Commonly prescribed ARBs (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers): (generic mostly ends in "sartan") | candesartan (Atacand),
eprosartan (Teveten),
irbesartan (Avapro),
losartan (Cozaar),
telmisartan (Micardis),
valsartan (Diovan)
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| Commonly used to treat high blood pressure are: | clonidine( Catapres)
methyldopa (Aldoril)
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| Diuretics (water pills) | release sodium and water from your body
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| Diuretics are prescribed to ... | reduce extracellular fluid volume
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| Most commonly prescribed diuretics are: | the thiazide, loop, and potassium-sparing.
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| Thiazide diuretics: | inhibit active exchange of sodium, chloride, and potassium in the cortical diluting segment of the ascending loop of Henle. This diuretic can lead to low potassium levels—termed hypokalemia.
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| Common diuretics include: | hydrochlorothiazide Microzide (most common)
chlorothiazide Diuril
chlorthalidone Hygroton
indapamide Lozol
metolazone Zaroxolyn
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| Loop diuretics: | inhibit exchange of sodium, chloride, and potassium in the thick segment of the ascending loop of Henle. This diuretic can lead to low potassium levels—termed hypokalemia.
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| Common Loop diuretics are: | furosemide Lasix (oral and IV, most common)
bumetanide Bumex
torsemide Demadex
ethacrynic acid Edecrin
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| Potassium-sparing diuretics ("weak diuretic"): | inhibit reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted and collecting tubule and are often used in conjunction with a thiazide or loop diuretic.
Does not cause hypokalemia
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| Common Potassium-sparing diuretics are: | spironolactone Aldactone
triamterene Dyrenium
amiloride Midamor
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| Beta Blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) | Prescribed for angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, and heart attack
"Slow you heart beat"
Generic names have ending "lol"
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| Blockers that are commonly prescribed include: | propranolol Inderal
atenolol Tenormin
metoprolol Lopressor
timolol* Betimol (primarily treat glaucoma)
metoprolol succinate Toprol XL
nadolol Corgard
carvedilol Coreg
betaxolol Kerlone
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| Calcium Channel Blockers (calcium antagonists or calcium blockers) | work directly on the heart to dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure and treat angina and arrhythmia.
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| Commonly prescribed calcium channel blockers include: (generic mostly end in "pine") | amlodipine Norvasc
diltiazem Cardizem, Cartia XT, Tiazac
nifedipine Procardia, Adalat
verapamil Calan, Isoptin, Verelan
nisoldipine Sular
nimodipine Nimotop
felodipine Plendil
bepridil Vascor
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| Antiarrhythmics | prevent or treat arrhythmia by changing the nerve impulses in the heart, stimulating the involuntary muscles to speed up the heartbeat; also lowers blood pressure and can help with chest pain
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| Antiarrhythmics include: | procainamide Procan SR and Pronestyl
sotalol Betapace
digoxin Lanoxin
amiodarone Cordarone
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| Lopressor (metoprolol) | used to treat arrhythmia but falls into the beta blockers class of drugs
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| Hyperlipidemia | is the elevation of lipids in the blood. Primarily this refers to cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), although it can also mean elevated triglycerides.
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| Common types of cholesterol-lowering drugs include: | statins, resins, nicotinic acid (niacin), and gemfibrozil clofibrate
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| Most common antihyperlipidemics are... | statins (most common)
resins
nicotinic acid (niacin)
gemfibrozil clofibrate
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| Common antihyperlipidemics are: | atorvastatin Lipitor
lovastatin Mevacor
pravastatin Pravachol
rosuvastatin Crestor
simvastatin Zocor
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| Zetia (ezetimibe) | lowers cholesterol
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| Bile Acid Sequestrants | type of antihyperlipidemics; target the bile acids that contain cholesterol when they enter the gut and prevent them from being reabsorbed back into the gut.
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| Common Bile Acid Sequestrants are: | cholestyramine (Questran)
colestipol (Colestid)
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| Fibrates | used to lower triglycerides
Lopid (gembrozil)
TriCor (fenofibrate)
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| Common Fibrates are: | gemtibrozil (Lopid)
fenofibrate (TriCor)
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| Vasodilators | work directly on the smooth muscles of the blood vessel walls, causing them to widen (or dilate); primarily used in treatment of hypertension
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| hydralazine (Apresoline) | a by-the-book vasodilator. It opens up the blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump and lowering blood pressure
Common in CCHS
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| minoxidil (Rogaine) | to treat high blood pressure; side effect hair growth
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| isosorbide (Imdur and Isordil) | a nitrate and works by relaxing blood vessels and allowing blood vessels to dilate; prescribed primarily to treat angina or chest pain
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| Most commonly used vasodilator | nitroglycerin (NitroQuick and Nitro-Bid)
relaxes the blood vessels
treats chest pain sublingually (under the tongue)
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| Other indications for beta blockers: | used to treat glaucoma, migraines, anxiety disorders, and certain kinds of tremors.
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| Mechanisim of action (beta blockers) | target the beta receptor found on cells of the heart muscles, smooth muscles, airways, arteries, kidneys, and other tissues that are part of the sympathetic nervous system and lead to stress responses, especially when they are stimulated by epinephrine.
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| Mechanisim of action (beta blockers) | Beta blockers interfere with the binding to the receptor of epinephrine and other stress hormones, and weaken the effects of stress hormones.
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| Mechanisim of action (calcium channel blockers) | work on certain types of cells found in the muscles of the heart and the smooth muscles of the blood vessel walls, decreasing the force of contraction of the muscle by preventing (blocking) calcium from entering the cells.
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| Indications for calcium channel blockers: | hypertension
atrial fibrillation
angina
migraines
Raynaud’s disease
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| Drug-Food Interaction- calcium channel blockers: | Grapefruit or Grapefruit juice
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| Lopressor (metoprolol) | a beta blocker and is also used to treat arrhythmia
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| Antihyperlipidemics | Treat of hyperlipidemia (elevation of lipids in the blood)
Cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia)
Elevated triglycerides
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| Statins: (generic ends in "statin") | atorvastatin Lipitor
lovastatin Mevacor
pravastatin Pravachol
rosuvastatin Crestor
simvastatin Zocor
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| Zetia (ezetimibe)- | lowers cholesterol by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol at the brush border of the small intestine, leading to a decreased delivery of cholesterol to the liver.
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| Rhabdomyolysis (Rhabdo) | joint pain
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| niacin (vitamin B3) | lowers triglycerides
causes "flushing"
hard on stomach
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| ACE stands for: | angiotensin-converting enzyme
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| ARBs stands for: | angiotensin II receptor blockers
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| Digitalis Preparations- | increases the force of the heart’s contractions, which can be beneficial in heart failure and for irregular heartbeat.
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| digoxin and digitoxin (Lanoxin) | are digitalis preparations
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| Major antihypertensives classes: | Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
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| Hypotensive agents - | lower and treat high blood pressure
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| Common hypotensive agents: | clondine (Catapres)
methyldopa (Aldoril)
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