Pharmacology Introduction
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| Pharmacology- | is the study of source, nature, chemistry, preparation, uses, action and properties of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
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| Pharmaceuticals (medical drugs)- | prevent, diagnose, treat diseases, and to relieve pain.
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| Drug- | A substance or biologic that can affect the structure or function of the body and is maintained by an official pharmacopoeia or formulary
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| Medicinal Chemistry | New drug synthesis
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| Chemotherapy | Study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites or malignant cells
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| Toxicology | Study of harmful effect of drugs and chemicals on the body
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| Pharmacokinetics | Mathematical description of drug disposition over time
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| Pharmacodynamics | Study of drug effects on the body, including the bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
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| Molecular pharmacology | Interaction of drugs and subcellular entities
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| Medicines (drugs)- | prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, and to relieve pain
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| (Drugs) Derived from- | plants, animals, or synthesized in the lab.
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| (Drugs) Distribution- | regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Prescription medications
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications
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| Chemical Name- | the chemical, molecular, or elemental make-up of the drug (e.g.. N-acetyl-para-aminophenol)
Rarely used
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| Generic Name- | derived from the chemical name and usually starts with a lower case letter. (e.g.. acetaminophen)
Can be used by any company
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| Brand or Trade Name- | This means the drug has a proprietary, trademark-protected name or registered brand name which usually starts with a capital letter in medical documents. (e.g. Tylenol®)
Property of the company that owns the name
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| Look-Alike Sound Alike (LASA) Drug Names | Drug names that look similar in appearance or have spelling similarities, and/or similar in sound, but have different indications (Tall Man Lettering)
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| Banthine | ulcer treatment
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| Brethine | asthma treatment
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| Capitrol | antifungal shampoo
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| captopril | lowers blood pressure
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| desipramine | antidepressant
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| deserpidine | lowers blood pressure
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| Procan | heart medicine
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| procaine | an anesthetic
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| Xanax | anxiety reducer
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| Zantac | ulcer treatment
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| hydralazine | lowers blood pressure
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| hydroxyzine | prevents itching
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| Pharmacodynamics- | Biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body, or on microorganisms or parasites within or on the body (e.g. absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)
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| Drugs interact with a receptor (s) or target substance (s) to deliver .... | a response (desired and beneficial effect on the body) and are chemically changed in the body (biotransformation)
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| Tolerance- | drugs effect diminish over time
e.g. morphine
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| Addiction- | dependence psychologically and physiologically to the drug
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| Contraindications- | use of a drug is dangerous and ill advised
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| Resistance- | the lack of beneficial response
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| Drug abuse - | use of any drug in a way that deviates from the manner in which it was prescribed
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| Drug overdoses- | any drug taken that exceeds the optimal dose
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| Drug underdosing- | taking less of a medication than is prescribed
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| Idiosyncratic responses | unpredictable drug toxicity
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| Influencing Factors of Idiosyncratic Responses: | body weight and composition
age
diet and nutrition
ethnicity
genetics
pathophysiology
immunity
psychology
environment
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| Chronobiology - | study of body rhythms
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| Chrono pharmacology- | study of the effect of such rhythms on the effectiveness of drugs
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| Pharmacokinetics - | describes what the body does to the drug.
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| Drug Interactions- | Occur when one drug interacts with another drug you are taking or when your medications interact with what you eat or drink.
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| Adverse Reactions- | are any harmful, unintended effect of a medication in normal therapeutic use and that causes significant, sometimes life-threatening conditions
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| Additive Action (1+1 = 2)- | combination of two drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each
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| Antagonistic (1 + 1 = 0)- | drugs have less than an additive effect.
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| Synergistic (1 + 1 = 5)- | drugs cause an effect greater than the sum of the individual effects of the drugs
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| Potentiation (a + b = B)- | drug a enhances the effect of drug b into capital B or substantially increases the action of drug B.
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| Allergy (hypersensitivity)- | can range from a simple skin rash or itch (urticaria) to a life-threatening anaphylaxis, which may include angioedema, vascular collapse, shock, and respiratory distress
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| Anaphylactic shock- | can cause death
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| Anaphylaxis- | exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein.
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| Drug toxicity- | poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of drugs. (e.g.. idiosyncrasy)
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| Iatrogenic- | effect caused by treatment
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| Adverse reactions- | harmful, unexpected reactions to a drug.
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| Side effects- | reactions to or the consequence of taking a particular medication
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