Phleb I Chp 9
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| formed elements of blood | RBC, WBC, platelets
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| erythrocyte | RBC
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| leukocyte | WBC
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| thrombocyte | platelet
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| hematology | study of blood and blood forming tissues
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| hematology tests | supply information about a pt's state of health
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| arteries | carrie oxygenated blood away from heart, branch into smaller vessels called arterioles, have thick walls for high pressure, have pulse, blood is bright red in color
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| oxyhemoglobin | makes blood bright red b/c its oxygenated
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| largest artery in body | aorta
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| veins | carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart, branch into smaller vessels called venules, have valves to prevent back flow, thin elastic "bouncy" walls, blood is dark red
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| capillaries | microscopic vessels that act as bridge between arterioles and venules, so small only one blood cell may pass at a time, blood is mixture of arterial and venous blood, walls are permeable
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| permeable | to pass through
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| blood | life giving fluid of the body
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| average amount of pints of blood in adult | 8-10
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| average amount of liters of blood in adult | 5-6
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| where is blood flitered | through kidneys
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| homeostasis | overall balance in the body
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| heomstasis | stoppage of blood (clotting)
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| phlebotomy | surgical incision of a vein
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| venipunture | surgical puncture of a vein
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| four functions of blood | transportation, disbursement, regulation, hemostatis
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| blood function: transportation | transports O2 from lungs to tissues and organs, transports CO2 from tissues to lungs
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| blood function: disbursement | distributes waste (digestive), antibodies (immune), nutrients (digestive) and hormones (endocrine) WANH
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| blood function: regulation | regulates body temp, pH and electrolytes (in kidney)
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| how does blood regulate body temperature | vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) to keep blood warm and dilate (vasodialation) to cool body down
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| blood function: hemostasis | stoppage of blood - formation of blood clots to prevent bleeding - platelets aggregate and form platelet plugs
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| two parts of blood | plasma and formed elements
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| plasma | straw colored liquid portion of blood, 90% water and 10% dissolved solutes
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| what are some of the dissolved solutes of plasma | H2O, hormones, amino acids, nutrients, electrolytes, waste, antibodies, glucose, lipids, proteins (albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen),
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| serum | liquid portion after clotting
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| what are the steps of coagulation cascade (clotting) | platelets aggregate and form plugs, factors start to activate (thromboplastin released), calcium binds, prothrombin converts to thrombin, fibrinogen converts to fibrin
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| what does the buffy coat contain | WBC and platelets
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| what is hemopoesis or hematopoieisis | formation and development of blood cells
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| where does hemopoesis take place | in bone marrow with a single stem cell
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| hemocytoblast | a non-differentiated stem cell that over time will mature and take on characteristics of a specific cell type (ie RBC, WBC, platelets)
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| what is the shape of a RBC | biconcave disk
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| where is hemoglobin located | surface of RBC
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| what does hemoglobin contain | combination of protein and iron
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| erythroblast | immature RBC with a nucleus
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| reticulocyte | immature RBC without a nucleus
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| where are WBCs and RBCs destroyed | liver, spleen, bone marrow
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| where are RBCs produced | bone marrow
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| what is the importance of hemoglobin | binds with O2 on the surface of the RBC
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| how does sickle cell or thalassemia affect the ability of RBC to do its job | RBC shape is deformed so there is not enough surface area to carry O2 and hemoglobin (which is made up of iron and protein)
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| erythropoietin | hormone synthesized mainly in kidney that forms RBC and releases into bloodstream - stimulates bone marrow to make RBCs
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| what are the vital minerals and vitamins for production of RBCs | iron, B12, folate
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| REF | renal erythoropoietic factor - kidney + pertaining to formation of RBC
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| where are RBCs form in fetus | liver
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| lifespan of RBC | 120 days
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| normal range of RBCs in female and male | female = 4- 5.5 million male = 4.5 - 6 million
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| average WBC count | 4,500 - 11,000
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| function of WBCs | defense
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| two types of WBCs | agranulocyte, granulocyte
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| agranulocyte | WBC without granules - lymphocyte, monocyte - in all lymphatic tissue
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| granulocyte | WBC with granules - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils - in bone marrow
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| lifespan of WBC | 1 day - 1 year depending on their job
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| neutrophils | "first responders" that phagocytize or destroy bacteria - make up majority of WBCs (granulocyte)
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| eosinophils | WBCs that help destroy parasites (granulocyte)
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| basophils | WBCs that secrete heparin (anticoagulant) and histimine (granulocyte)
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| lymphocytes | WBCs produced in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues - incresses with viral infections T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells (agranulocyte)
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| monocytes | transforms into macrophage when move from circulatory to tissue space
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| diapedsis | process of monocyte transforming into macrophage
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| platelets | smallest of blood cells, fragmentized by megakaryocyte, contains thromboplastin which triggers clotting process
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| platelet formation and destruction | formed in bone marrow, destroyed in spleen
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| lifespan of platelets | 9-12 days
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| average amount of platelets | 250,000 - 500,000
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| function of platelet | hemostasis or forms platelet plugs
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| WBC differential | differentiates each WBC so you can determine how many of each
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| morphology | study of shape/size
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| polycythemia | condition of too many RBCs
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| thrombocytopenia | deficiency or decrease in platelets
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| pulse sites | temporal, dorsalis pedis, carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, tibial, apical pulse
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