Language of Medicine...Chapter 5...7th ed.
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| absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream.
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| amino acids | Building blocks of proteins and produced when proteins are digested.
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| amylase | Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch.
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| anus | Opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.
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| appendix | Blind pouch hanging from the cecum.
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| bile | Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up large fat globules.
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| bilirubin | Pigment released by the liver in bile.
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| bowel | Intestine.
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| canine teeth | Pointed, dog-like teeth, next to the incisors.
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| cuspid teeth | Another name for canine teeth.
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| eyeteeth | Another name for canine teeth.
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| cecum | First part of the large intestine.
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| colon | Large intestine (cecum, ascending, transverse, and descending colon, and rectum).
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| common bile duct | Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.
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| defecation | Expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus.
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| deglutition | Swallowing.
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| dentin | Major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
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| digestion | Breakdown of complex food into simpler forms.
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| duodenum | First part of the small intestine. (duo=2, den=10; the duodenum measures 12 inches long)
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| elimination | Removal of waste material from the body.
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| emulsification | Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thus increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
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| enamel | Hard, outermost layer of teeth.
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| enzyme | A chemical that speeds up the reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes help in the breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods.
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| esophagus | Tube connecting the throat to the stomach.
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| fatty acids | Substances produced when fats are digested.
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| feces | Solid wastes; stools
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| gallbladder | Small sac under the liver; stores bile
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| glucose | Simple sugar.
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| glycogen | Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.
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| hydrochloric acid | Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.
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| ileum | Third part of the small intestine.
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| incisor | One of four front teeth in the dental arch.
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| insulin | Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
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| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine.
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| lipase | Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.
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| liver | A large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile, stores sugar, iron and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells.
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| lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.
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| cardiac sphincter | Another name for the lower esophageal sphincter.
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| mastication | Chewing.
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| molar teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch.
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| premolar teeth | Fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars.
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| palate | Roof of the mouth.
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| pancreas | Organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes.
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| papillae | Small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation. (papillae=plural, papilla=singular)
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| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
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| peristalsis | Rhythm-like contractions in the tubes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other tubular structures. Peristalsis moves the contents through the GI tract at different rates.
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| pharynx | Throat; the common passageway for food and air from the nose.
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| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
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| protease | Enzymes that digest protein.
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| pulp | Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
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| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscle fibers at the distal region of the stomach, where it joins the duodenum.
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| rectum | Last section of the colon.
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| rugae | Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
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| saliva | Digestive juice produced by salivary glands.
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| salivary glands | Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.
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| sigmoid colon | Lower part of the colon; shaped like an S.
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| sphincter | Ring of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.
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| stomach | Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach's parts are the fundus, body, and antrum.
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| triglycerides | Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol.
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| uvula | Soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth.
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| villi | Microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. (villi=plural, villus=singular)
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| an/o | anus
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| append/o | appendix
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| appendic/o | appendix
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| bucc/o | cheek
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| cec/o | cecum
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| celi/o | belly, abdomen
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| cheil/o | lip
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| cholecyst/o | gallbladder
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| choledoch/o | common bile duct
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| col/o | colon, large intestine
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| colon/o | colon
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| dent/i | tooth
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| duoden/o | duodenum
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| enter/o | intestines, usually small intestine
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| esophag/o | esophagus
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| faci/o | face
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| gastr/o | stomach
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| gingiv/o | gums
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| gloss/o | tongue
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| hepat/o | liver
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| ile/o | ileum
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| jejun/o | jejunjum
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| labi/o | lip
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| lapar/o | abdomen
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| lingu/o | tongue
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| mandibul/o | lower jaw; mandible
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| odont/o | tooth
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| or/o | mouth
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| palat/o | palate
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| peritone/o | peritoneum
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| pharyng/o | throat
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| proct/o | anus and rectum
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| pylor/o | pyloric sphincter
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| rect/o | rectum
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| sialaden/o | salivary gland
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| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon
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| stomat/o | mouth
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| amyl/o | starch
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| bil/i | gall, bile
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| bilirubin/o | bilirubin (bile pigment)
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| chol/e | gall, bile
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| chlorhydr/o | hydrochloric acid
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| gluc/o | sugar
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| glyc/o | sugar
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| glycogen/o | glycogen, animal starch
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| lip/o | fat, lipid
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| lith/o | stone
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| prote/o | protein
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| sial/o | saliva, salivary
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| steat/o | fat
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| -ase | enzyme
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| -chezia | defecation, elimination of wastes
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| -iasis | abnormal condition
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| -prandial | meal
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| anorexia | Lack of appetite.
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| -orexia | appetite
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| ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
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| borborygmus | Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract.
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| constipation | Difficulty in passing stools (feces).
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| diarrhea | Frequent passage of loose, watery stools.
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| dysphagia | Difficulty in swallowing.
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| eructation | Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.
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| flatus | Gas expelled through the anus.
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| odynophagia | Painful swallowing.
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| flatulence | The presence of excessive gas in both the stomach and intestines.
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| belching | The characteristic sound produced by eructation.
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| hematochezia | Passage of bright, fresh, red blood from the rectum.
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| jaundice | Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
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| hyperbilirubinemia | The presence of high bilirubin levels in the blood.
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| melena | Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood.
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| nausea | Unpleasant sensation in the stomach and a tendency to vomit.
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| steatorrhea | Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling, fecal matter.
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| aphthous stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers. Commonly called canker sores.
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| dental caries | Tooth decay.
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| caries | decay
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| herpetic stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.
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| oral leukoplakia | White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.
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| peridontal disease | Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.
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| pyorrhea | Another name for peridontal disease.
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| achalasia | Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax.
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| esophageal varices | Swollen, varicose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach.
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| gastric carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the stomach.
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach.
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| heartburn | The burning sensation caused by the regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from the stomach to the esophagus.
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| hernia | Protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.
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| peptic ulcer | Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.
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| anal fistula | Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
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| hiatal hernia | The upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm.
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| inguinal hernia | A small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal muscle.
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| anal fissure | A painful narrow slit in the mucous membrane of the anus.
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| colonic polyposis | Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
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| colorectal cancer | Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both.
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| Crohn disease | Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.
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| diverticulosis | Abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall.
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| diverticulitis | When fecal matter becomes trapped in the diverticula.
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| diverticula | The pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of the colon.
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| dysentery | Painful, inflammed intestines.
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| hemorrhoids | Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.
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| ileus | Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines.
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| intussusception | Telescoping of the intestines.
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | Group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension.
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| ulcerative colitis | Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers.
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| volvulus | Twisting of the intestine upon itself.
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| cholelithiasis | Gallstones in the gallbladder.
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| cirrhosis | Chronic degenerative disease of the liver.
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| pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas.
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| viral hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus.
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