Curta AP Geography Spatial Interaction and Migration
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| A person's activity space is primarily affected by | age, mobility, opportunity
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| When the effort involved in travel exceeds the willingness to travel, the control in operation is | critical distance
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| The most effective and usual means of accumulating information affecting spatial interaction is | personal contact
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| The concept of place utility refers to | the perception of opportunities and attractiveness
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| The gravity model states that | interaction is inversely proportional to distance
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| The personal communication field of an individual is | related to age, sex, education, type and place of employment, and income
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| The three flow-determining factors of spatial interaction are | complementarity, transferability, and intervening opportunity.
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| Complementarity between areas | occurs when the areas specialize in different commodities for which there is effective demand.
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| The interaction potential model | often uses population and distance variables
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| Among the reasons for migrating, push factors | encourage relocation away from original residence areas
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| People are often inclined to settle in areas of known natural hazards because | specific hazards do not occur with great frequency
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| The migration field for any locale is | usually persistent and spatially stable over time
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| Distance decay implies that | short-distance contacts are more likely than long-distance contacts.
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| Barriers to the flow of information give rise to | directional biases
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| Which of the following is a push factor? | dissatisfaction with current job
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| The value that an individual places on each known, potential migration site is called | place utility
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| Within the United States, directional biases favor information flows between | East and West
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| Willingness to defend home ground is called | territoriality.
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| Channelized migration flows imply | greater than theoretically expected flows between two places
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| Areas that dominate a locale's in- and out-migration patterns constitute the locale's | migration field
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| Territoriality is the spatial expression of one's mental map | False
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| Spatial interaction is a concept applicable only to commodity movements | False
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| In general, the space–time prism of females is more flexible than that of males | False
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| Transferability is a statement about the cost of an interaction | True
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| A migration field is formed by totaling the activity spaces of a number of people. | False
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| Intervening opportunities serve to multiply the exchange flows between two distant points. | False
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| Distance bias refers to the fact that with increased distance, transferability increases at an increasing rate | False
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| Mass communication is essentially a one-way information flow | True
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| An individual's zone of daily movement is known as that person's | activity space
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| In modern American interregional moves, the decision to migrate appears to be controlled by | change in life cycle, change in career cycle, and personal characteristics of mobility
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| In pure spatial theory, interaction decisions are based solely on distance and distance-cost considerations | False
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| Migration decisions most realistically are viewed as the outcome of both push and pull influences. | True
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| A potential model provides an estimate of interaction opportunities in a multinodal network. | True
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| We form place opinions and perceptions only on the basis of personal experience. | False
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| A movement bias displays the effect of distance decay | False
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| Demanded personal space is a cultural and circumstantial variable. | True
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| Activity space tends to increase with mobility and decrease with stage in the life cycle. | False
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| People with limited awareness space are said to be confined within a space-time prism. | False
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| The migration of settlers from the island of Java to other locations in Indonesia is an example of reluctant relocation. | True
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| When mobility is restricted and time is limited, critical distances contract. | True
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| Space-time convergence occurs when multiple shopping opportunities aggregate in regional malls. | False
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| The law of retail gravitation states that the breaking point between two cities of unequal size will lie farther from the larger of the two cities. | True
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| Differentials in wages and job opportunities between home and destination countries are a major driving force in international migration decisions | True
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| Place perception refers to our personal awareness and beliefs about place and space. | True
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| When a commodity is acquired from an intervening opportunity rather than from a more distant supplier, its transferability is improved. | True
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| Distance decay and critical distance are different terms defining the same concept. | False
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| Factors that stimulate migration are? | conflict, economic conditions, political strife, cultural circumstances, environmental change, and technological advances
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| Migrants move on basis of? | their perceptions of particular destinations; distance affects accuracy of perception.
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| Voluntary migrants are stimulated by? | “pull” as well as “push” factors
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| Forced migrations result from? | the imposition of power by stronger peoples over weaker ones.
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| Migration defined as? | the long-term relocation of an individual, household, or group to a new location outside the community of origin
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| internal migration | In the United States, African-Americans moved north during the early twentieth century
The attraction of the “sunbelt” in the United States
In China workers migrate from rural areas to cities of the Pacific Rim
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| Ravenstein’s “laws” of migration are? | 1. Net migration amounts to a fraction of the gross migration between two places
2. The majority of migrants move a short distance
3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
4. Urban residents are less migratory
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| Push factors are? | a) Likely to be more accurately perceived b) Include individual and personal considerations
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| Pull factors are? | a) Likely to be more vague b) Many move on the basis of excessively positive images and expectations
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| Step migration is? | Migrants may move to a near place first than move farther as they learn more about a location further away. Movement may be to a village, then a town, and finally a city. At each step new pull factors come into play
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| Intervening opportunity is? | Migrants may find opportunity before reaching their original destination. This happens to the majority of migrants around the world. Tourists (temporary migrants) also respond to this factor. May choose a closer place to vacation because of travel costs
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| Voluntary migration is? | All voluntary migration flows generate a return. Any voluntary migration flow represents the numbers going from the source to the destination minus those returning to the source. ex. Potato famine in Ireland or British colonial rule over Ireland
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| Forced migrations are? | The Transatlantic Slave Trade Convicts shipped from Britain to Australia beginning in 1788. In the 1800s, thousands of Native Americans were forced onto reservations. Forced migration during Stalin's ruthless rule in the former Soviet Union
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| counter-migration is? | Forced migration exists today in the form of counter-migration, when governments send back migrants caught entering their countries illegally
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| Activity space is? | Daily routine, Magnitude varies in different societies, Technology has expanded daily activity spaces
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| What are the three types of human movement? | Cyclic movement(ex. commuting, seasonal, nomadism), Periodic, and Migratory
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| Interregional migrations are? | people moving or being moved from one geographic realm to another
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| Intranational refugees are? | those who have abandoned their homes but not their countries
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| Absolute direction | compass direction
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| Relative direction | more perceptual –“Middle East” – old British term
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| Absolute distance | physical distance between two points (scales on maps)
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| Relative distance | distance measured in terms of cost and time
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| Emigrant | person moving away from a country or area; out-migrant
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| Immigrant | person moving into a particular country or area; in-migrant
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| Spatial interaction | directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them
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| Gravity Model | In mathematical terms: Interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them
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| Emigration occurs when a person | moves from their home country
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