Female Reproductive System Chapter 17
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| Female Reproductive System | responsible for producing an ovum on a regular cycle, providing a place for fertilization, implantation of the embryo, and nourishing the fetus until it is ready for birth
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| Ovaries | Primary Sex Organs
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| Accessory Organs | Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia
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| Accessory Glands | produce mucus
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| Four primary internal sex organs | ovaries
Fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
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| The Ovaries | Located on each side of uterus (2)
Oval in shape, about 3.5 cm long, 2 cm wide, and 1 cm thick
Held in position by ligaments
composed of hundreds of sac-like structures called follicles
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| Tunica albuginea | Connective tissue layer covering the ovarian cortex
Single layered germinal epithelium overlying it
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| Outer cortex | Stroma = connective tissue
Contains ovarian follicles
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| Inner medulla | Dense connective tissue
Contains all the lymphatics, nerves and vasculature of the ovary
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| Ovarian follicles | is a roughly spheroid cellular aggregation set found in the ovaries. It secretes hormones that influence stages of the menstrual cycle
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| Primary follicle | An oocyte, or an immature egg cell.
Follicular cells, which produce the female reproductive hormones
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| Oogenesis | (700,000 produced)
Before birth, mitosis occurs inside the ovaries. This produces all the oocytes the woman will need in her lifetime.
These oocytes will not be released until puberty, when the brain releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
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| The Functions of Estrogen | Development of female secondary sex characteristics
Breast development, pubic hair, fat deposits, widening of the pelvic bone
Enlargement of
Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia
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| Menstrual phase | Endometrial lining sheds along with blood and mucus
Ovarian follicles begin development
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| Preovulatory or proliferative phase | Endometrium rapidly regenerates and blood supply increases
Secondary follicle matures into graafian follicle
Ovulation = rupturing of graafian follicle
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| Postovulatory or secretory phase | Uterine glands produce glycoproteins
Corpus luteum develops
Secretes estrogen and progesterone
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| Ovulation Cycle | The mature egg cell, called an ovum, begins travelling down the fallopian tubes, heading towards the uterus.
ovum enters the nearest open end of 1 of 2 fallopian tubes
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| Fallopian Tube Transport | The ovum is gradually moved towards the uterus by the movement of cilia.
The ovum lives for about 24 hours, so fertilization must occur here
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| The Uterine or Fallopian Tubes | Aka oviducts or salpinges
Transport ova to the uterus
Cilia sweep an ovum into uterine tube
Egg moved by peristalsis toward uterus
Fertilization occurs in upper third of tube
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| Fallopian tubes | Narrow, smooth, and muscular tubes
About 10 cm long
Ciliated epithelium
Narrow isthmus of each tube opens directly into the uterus.
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| Ampulla | he second portion of the fallopian tube. It is an intermediate dilated portion, which curves over the ovary. It is the most common site of human fertilization
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| The Uterus 4 Main Functions | Receiving the egg.
Attaching to and holding the egg.
Nourishing the egg as it grows into a fetus.
Ejecting the fetus at birth
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| The Uterus (Fundus) | Site of menstruation, egg implantation, and labor; located between the bladder and the rectum; small muscular pear shaped organ; It is held in place by various ligaments
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| broad ligaments of uterus | (2) ligaments; flat sheet of peritoneum; partition the pelvic cavity and suspend the uterus
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| Cervix | narrow inferior portion that opens into vagina via external os
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| Cervical canal | interior of the cervix
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| Uterine cavity | interior of the body
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| Uterine wall (3 tissue layers) | endometrium (innermost)
myometrium (middle)
perimetrium (outermost)
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| Isthmus | junction between body and cervix
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| Fundus | dome-shape portion above uterine tubes
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| The Vagina | Muscular tube about 3 inches long
Passes from the cervical opening (os) of the uterus to the vulva and outside the body
Passageway for menstrual flow
Receptacle for the penis
Lower portion of birth canal
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| Fornix | recess that surrounds vaginal attachment to cervix
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| Vulva | external genitalia
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| Labia | majora and minora
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| Clitoris | erectile tissue
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| Vestibule | vaginal and urethral orifices
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| Vestibular glands | Skene’s (lesser vestibular) and Bartholin’s (greater vestibular)
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| Vulva consists of mons pubis... | pad of fatty tissue covering the symphysis pubis
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| Labia majora | 2 longitudinal folds of skin made of adipose and muscular tissue.
continuous with mons pubis => form the perineum (area between the thighs to the anus).
hairy
contain sebaceous glands, which secrete a greasy, lubricating substance
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| Labia minora | 2 smaller longitudinal folds between the labia majora
hairless; contain sebaceous glands
form the prepuce (skin fold) covering clitoris
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| The Perineum | Diamond-shaped region at inferior end of trunk between buttocks and thighs
Divided into
Anterior urogenital triangle containing external genitalia
Posterior anal triangle containing anus
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| Mammary Glands | Modified sweat glands
Produce and secrete milk in females for nourishment of infants (a process called lactation)
Contain 15 to 20 lobes with lobules
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| Lobules | contain milk-secreting cells
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| Areola | circular pigmented area around nipple (erectile tissue)
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| Female Reproductive System Overview | Reproduction
Secretes hormones that support secondary sex characteristic changes
Secretes hormones that sustain pregnancy should fertilization occur
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| Amenorrhea | Absence of menstrual flow
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| Dysmenorrhea | Painful menstrual flow
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| Menorrhagia | Abnormally long or very heavy menstrual periods
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| Metrorrhagia | Uterine bleeding at times other than the menstrual period
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| Oligomenorrhea | Abnormally light or infrequent menstruation
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| Cervical Carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the cervix
Symptoms include bleeding between menstrual periods, after sexual intercourse, after menopause, and an abnormal Pap smear
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| Endometriosis | Presence and growth of endometrial tissue in areas outside the endometrium (lining of the uterus)
Generally found in abdominal cavity
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| Leiomyoma | Benign, smooth muscle tumor of the uterus
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| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | Infection of the fallopian tubes
Also known as salpingitis
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| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Symptoms | Fever, chills, malaise (general feeling of discomfort)
abdominal tenderness, rebound tenderness, backache
Abnormal vaginal discharge that is yellow or green in color or foul-smelling
Painful urination, pain during intercourse
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| Cystic Disorders: Cysts | Benign, globular sacs (cysts) that form on or near the ovaries
May be fluid filled or may contain semisolid materials
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| Cystic Disorders: Fibrocystic Breast Disease | Presence of single or multiple fluid-filled cysts that are palpable in the breasts
Cysts are benign and fluctuate in size with the menstrual period
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| Cervicitis | Acute or chronic inflammation of the uterine cervix
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| Cystocele | Herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina
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| Endometrial Carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the inner lining of the uterus
Also known as adenocarcinoma of the uterus
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| Carcinoma of the Breast | Malignant tumor of the breast tissue
Most common type (ductal carcinoma) originates in the mammary ducts
Has ability to invade surrounding tissue if not detected early enough
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| Fibroid Tumor | A benign, fibrous tumor of the uterus
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| Ovarian Carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the ovaries, most commonly occurring in women in their 50s
Rarely detected in early stage
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| Vaginitis | Inflammation of the vagina and the vulva
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| Dilation and curettage | Dilation or widening of the cervical canal with a dilator, followed by scraping of the uterine lining with a curet
Also termed D&C
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| Cone biopsy | Surgical removal of a cone-shaped segment of the cervix for diagnosis or treatment
Also known as conization
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| Cryosurgery | Destruction of tissue by rapid freezing with substances such as liquid nitrogen
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| Endometrial biopsy | Invasive test for obtaining a sample of endometrial tissue with a small curet for examination
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| Aspiration biopsy | Invasive procedure in which a needle is inserted into an area of the body, such as the breast
Withdraws tissue or fluid sample for microscopic examination and diagnosis
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| Breast self-examination | Procedure in which the woman examines her breasts and surrounding tissue for evidence of any changes that could indicate the possibility of malignancy
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| Mammography | Process of examining with X-ray the soft tissue of the breast to detect various benign and/or malignant growths before they can be felt
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| Lumpectomy | a surgical operation in which a lump is removed from the breast, typically when cancer is present but has not spread
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| Hysterosalpingography | X-ray of the uterus and the fallopian tubes by injecting a contrast material into these structures
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| Culdocentesis | Surgical puncture through the posterior wall of the vagina into the cul-de-sac to withdraw intraperitoneal fluid for examination
Checking for evidence of inflammation, purulent drainage, bleeding, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, or ovarian malignancy
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| Colposcopy | Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with a colposcope
Lighted binocular microscope used for direct examination of the surfaces of the vagina and cervix
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| Laparoscopy | Process of viewing the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope
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| Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) | Procedure used to remove abnormal cells from the surface of the cervix using a thin wire loop that acts like a scalpel
Painless electrical current passes through the loop as it cuts away a thin layer of surface cells from the cervix
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| Papanicolaou (Pap) smear | Microscopic examination of cells scraped from within the cervix, from around the cervix, and from the posterior part of the vagina to test for cervical cancer
Also called Pap test
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| Liquid-based Pap (LBP) | Collecting a tissue sample from the endocervix and the exocervix with a sampling device that is placed directly into a liquid fixative instead of being spread onto a glass slide
Process provides immediate fixation and improves specimen adequacy
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| Pelvic ultrasound | Noninvasive procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to examine the abdomen and pelvis
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| Pelvimetry | Process of measuring the female pelvis, manually or by X-ray, to determine its adequacy for childbearing
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